Merge remote-tracking branch 'upstream/master' into fluent-system-icons

Directory.Packages.props

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
     <PackageVersion Include="Avalonia.Svg" Version="11.0.0.18" />
     <PackageVersion Include="Avalonia.Svg.Skia" Version="11.0.0.18" />
     <PackageVersion Include="CommandLineParser" Version="2.9.1" />
-    <PackageVersion Include="Concentus" Version="1.1.7" />
+    <PackageVersion Include="Concentus" Version="2.2.0" />
     <PackageVersion Include="DiscordRichPresence" Version="1.2.1.24" />
     <PackageVersion Include="DynamicData" Version="8.4.1" />
     <PackageVersion Include="FluentAvaloniaUI" Version="2.0.5" />
@@ -20,9 +20,9 @@
     <PackageVersion Include="LibHac" Version="0.19.0" />
     <PackageVersion Include="Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.Analyzers" Version="3.3.4" />
     <PackageVersion Include="Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.CSharp" Version="4.9.2" />
-    <PackageVersion Include="Microsoft.IdentityModel.JsonWebTokens" Version="7.5.1" />
+    <PackageVersion Include="Microsoft.IdentityModel.JsonWebTokens" Version="7.6.2" />
     <PackageVersion Include="Microsoft.NET.Test.Sdk" Version="17.9.0" />
-    <PackageVersion Include="Microsoft.IO.RecyclableMemoryStream" Version="3.0.0" />
+    <PackageVersion Include="Microsoft.IO.RecyclableMemoryStream" Version="3.0.1" />
     <PackageVersion Include="MsgPack.Cli" Version="1.0.1" />
     <PackageVersion Include="NetCoreServer" Version="8.0.7" />
     <PackageVersion Include="NUnit" Version="3.13.3" />

src/ARMeilleure/CodeGen/Arm64/CodeGenContext.cs

@@ -237,7 +237,7 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.CodeGen.Arm64
             long originalPosition = _stream.Position;
 
             _stream.Seek(0, SeekOrigin.Begin);
-            _stream.Read(code, 0, code.Length);
+            _stream.ReadExactly(code, 0, code.Length);
             _stream.Seek(originalPosition, SeekOrigin.Begin);
 
             RelocInfo relocInfo;

src/ARMeilleure/CodeGen/RegisterAllocators/LinearScanAllocator.cs

@@ -251,7 +251,20 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.CodeGen.RegisterAllocators
                 }
             }
 
-            int selectedReg = GetHighestValueIndex(freePositions);
+            // If this is a copy destination variable, we prefer the register used for the copy source.
+            // If the register is available, then the copy can be eliminated later as both source
+            // and destination will use the same register.
+            int selectedReg;
+
+            if (current.TryGetCopySourceRegister(out int preferredReg) && freePositions[preferredReg] >= current.GetEnd())
+            {
+                selectedReg = preferredReg;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                selectedReg = GetHighestValueIndex(freePositions);
+            }
+
             int selectedNextUse = freePositions[selectedReg];
 
             // Intervals starts and ends at odd positions, unless they span an entire
@@ -431,7 +444,7 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.CodeGen.RegisterAllocators
             }
         }
 
-        private static int GetHighestValueIndex(Span<int> span)
+        private static int GetHighestValueIndex(ReadOnlySpan<int> span)
         {
             int highest = int.MinValue;
 
@@ -798,12 +811,12 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.CodeGen.RegisterAllocators
             // The "visited" state is stored in the MSB of the local's value.
             const ulong VisitedMask = 1ul << 63;
 
-            bool IsVisited(Operand local)
+            static bool IsVisited(Operand local)
             {
                 return (local.GetValueUnsafe() & VisitedMask) != 0;
             }
 
-            void SetVisited(Operand local)
+            static void SetVisited(Operand local)
             {
                 local.GetValueUnsafe() |= VisitedMask;
             }
@@ -826,9 +839,25 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.CodeGen.RegisterAllocators
                         {
                             dest.NumberLocal(_intervals.Count);
 
-                            _intervals.Add(new LiveInterval(dest));
+                            LiveInterval interval = new LiveInterval(dest);
+                            _intervals.Add(interval);
 
                             SetVisited(dest);
+
+                            // If this is a copy (or copy-like operation), set the copy source interval as well.
+                            // This is used for register preferencing later on, which allows the copy to be eliminated
+                            // in some cases.
+                            if (node.Instruction == Instruction.Copy || node.Instruction == Instruction.ZeroExtend32)
+                            {
+                                Operand source = node.GetSource(0);
+
+                                if (source.Kind == OperandKind.LocalVariable &&
+                                    source.GetLocalNumber() > 0 &&
+                                    (node.Instruction == Instruction.Copy || source.Type == OperandType.I32))
+                                {
+                                    interval.SetCopySource(_intervals[source.GetLocalNumber()]);
+                                }
+                            }
                         }
                     }
                 }

src/ARMeilleure/CodeGen/RegisterAllocators/LiveInterval.cs

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.CodeGen.RegisterAllocators
             public LiveRange CurrRange;
 
             public LiveInterval Parent;
+            public LiveInterval CopySource;
 
             public UseList Uses;
             public LiveIntervalList Children;
@@ -37,6 +38,7 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.CodeGen.RegisterAllocators
         private ref LiveRange CurrRange => ref _data->CurrRange;
         private ref LiveRange PrevRange => ref _data->PrevRange;
         private ref LiveInterval Parent => ref _data->Parent;
+        private ref LiveInterval CopySource => ref _data->CopySource;
         private ref UseList Uses => ref _data->Uses;
         private ref LiveIntervalList Children => ref _data->Children;
 
@@ -78,6 +80,25 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.CodeGen.RegisterAllocators
             Register = register;
         }
 
+        public void SetCopySource(LiveInterval copySource)
+        {
+            CopySource = copySource;
+        }
+
+        public bool TryGetCopySourceRegister(out int copySourceRegIndex)
+        {
+            if (CopySource._data != null)
+            {
+                copySourceRegIndex = CopySource.Register.Index;
+
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            copySourceRegIndex = 0;
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
         public void Reset()
         {
             PrevRange = default;

src/ARMeilleure/CodeGen/X86/Assembler.cs

@@ -1444,7 +1444,7 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.CodeGen.X86
 
                 Span<byte> buffer = new byte[jump.JumpPosition - _stream.Position];
 
-                _stream.Read(buffer);
+                _stream.ReadExactly(buffer);
                 _stream.Seek(ReservedBytesForJump, SeekOrigin.Current);
 
                 codeStream.Write(buffer);

src/ARMeilleure/Translation/ControlFlowGraph.cs

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.Translation
         private int[] _postOrderMap;
 
         public int LocalsCount { get; private set; }
-        public BasicBlock Entry { get; }
+        public BasicBlock Entry { get; private set; }
         public IntrusiveList<BasicBlock> Blocks { get; }
         public BasicBlock[] PostOrderBlocks => _postOrderBlocks;
         public int[] PostOrderMap => _postOrderMap;
@@ -34,6 +34,15 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.Translation
             return result;
         }
 
+        public void UpdateEntry(BasicBlock newEntry)
+        {
+            newEntry.AddSuccessor(Entry);
+
+            Entry = newEntry;
+            Blocks.AddFirst(newEntry);
+            Update();
+        }
+
         public void Update()
         {
             RemoveUnreachableBlocks(Blocks);

src/ARMeilleure/Translation/PTC/Ptc.cs

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.Translation.PTC
         private const string OuterHeaderMagicString = "PTCohd\0\0";
         private const string InnerHeaderMagicString = "PTCihd\0\0";
 
-        private const uint InternalVersion = 6634; //! To be incremented manually for each change to the ARMeilleure project.
+        private const uint InternalVersion = 6950; //! To be incremented manually for each change to the ARMeilleure project.
 
         private const string ActualDir = "0";
         private const string BackupDir = "1";

src/ARMeilleure/Translation/RegisterUsage.cs

@@ -89,6 +89,17 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.Translation
 
         public static void RunPass(ControlFlowGraph cfg, ExecutionMode mode)
         {
+            if (cfg.Entry.Predecessors.Count != 0)
+            {
+                // We expect the entry block to have no predecessors.
+                // This is required because we have a implicit context load at the start of the function,
+                // but if there is a jump to the start of the function, the context load would trash the modified values.
+                // Here we insert a new entry block that will jump to the existing entry block.
+                BasicBlock newEntry = new BasicBlock(cfg.Blocks.Count);
+
+                cfg.UpdateEntry(newEntry);
+            }
+
             // Compute local register inputs and outputs used inside blocks.
             RegisterMask[] localInputs = new RegisterMask[cfg.Blocks.Count];
             RegisterMask[] localOutputs = new RegisterMask[cfg.Blocks.Count];
@@ -201,7 +212,7 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.Translation
 
                 // The only block without any predecessor should be the entry block.
                 // It always needs a context load as it is the first block to run.
-                if (block.Predecessors.Count == 0 || hasContextLoad)
+                if (block == cfg.Entry || hasContextLoad)
                 {
                     long vecMask = globalInputs[block.Index].VecMask;
                     long intMask = globalInputs[block.Index].IntMask;

src/Ryujinx.Audio.Backends.SDL2/SDL2HardwareDeviceSession.cs

@@ -89,9 +89,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Backends.SDL2
                 return;
             }
 
-            using IMemoryOwner<byte> samplesOwner = ByteMemoryPool.Rent(frameCount * _bytesPerFrame);
+            using SpanOwner<byte> samplesOwner = SpanOwner<byte>.Rent(frameCount * _bytesPerFrame);
 
-            Span<byte> samples = samplesOwner.Memory.Span;
+            Span<byte> samples = samplesOwner.Span;
 
             _ringBuffer.Read(samples, 0, samples.Length);
 

src/Ryujinx.Audio.Backends.SoundIo/SoundIoHardwareDeviceSession.cs

@@ -122,9 +122,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Backends.SoundIo
 
             int channelCount = areas.Length;
 
-            using IMemoryOwner<byte> samplesOwner = ByteMemoryPool.Rent(frameCount * bytesPerFrame);
+            using SpanOwner<byte> samplesOwner = SpanOwner<byte>.Rent(frameCount * bytesPerFrame);
 
-            Span<byte> samples = samplesOwner.Memory.Span;
+            Span<byte> samples = samplesOwner.Span;
 
             _ringBuffer.Read(samples, 0, samples.Length);
 

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Backends/Common/DynamicRingBuffer.cs

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Backends.Common
 
         private readonly object _lock = new();
 
-        private IMemoryOwner<byte> _bufferOwner;
+        private MemoryOwner<byte> _bufferOwner;
         private Memory<byte> _buffer;
         private int _size;
         private int _headOffset;
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Backends.Common
 
         public DynamicRingBuffer(int initialCapacity = RingBufferAlignment)
         {
-            _bufferOwner = ByteMemoryPool.RentCleared(initialCapacity);
+            _bufferOwner = MemoryOwner<byte>.RentCleared(initialCapacity);
             _buffer = _bufferOwner.Memory;
         }
 
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Backends.Common
 
         private void SetCapacityLocked(int capacity)
         {
-            IMemoryOwner<byte> newBufferOwner = ByteMemoryPool.RentCleared(capacity);
+            MemoryOwner<byte> newBufferOwner = MemoryOwner<byte>.RentCleared(capacity);
             Memory<byte> newBuffer = newBufferOwner.Memory;
 
             if (_size > 0)

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Common/VoiceUpdateState.cs

@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Common
     {
         public const int Align = 0x10;
         public const int BiquadStateOffset = 0x0;
-        public const int BiquadStateSize = 0x10;
 
         /// <summary>
         /// The state of the biquad filters of this voice.

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Dsp/BiquadFilterHelper.cs

@@ -16,10 +16,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp
         /// <param name="parameter">The biquad filter parameter</param>
         /// <param name="state">The biquad filter state</param>
         /// <param name="outputBuffer">The output buffer to write the result</param>
-        /// <param name="inputBuffer">The input buffer to write the result</param>
+        /// <param name="inputBuffer">The input buffer to read the samples from</param>
         /// <param name="sampleCount">The count of samples to process</param>
         [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-        public static void ProcessBiquadFilter(ref BiquadFilterParameter parameter, ref BiquadFilterState state, Span<float> outputBuffer, ReadOnlySpan<float> inputBuffer, uint sampleCount)
+        public static void ProcessBiquadFilter(
+            ref BiquadFilterParameter parameter,
+            ref BiquadFilterState state,
+            Span<float> outputBuffer,
+            ReadOnlySpan<float> inputBuffer,
+            uint sampleCount)
         {
             float a0 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter.Numerator[0], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
             float a1 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter.Numerator[1], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
@@ -41,23 +46,24 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp
         }
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Apply multiple biquad filter.
+        /// Apply a single biquad filter and mix the result into the output buffer.
         /// </summary>
         /// <remarks>This is implemented with a direct form 1.</remarks>
-        /// <param name="parameters">The biquad filter parameter</param>
-        /// <param name="states">The biquad filter state</param>
+        /// <param name="parameter">The biquad filter parameter</param>
+        /// <param name="state">The biquad filter state</param>
         /// <param name="outputBuffer">The output buffer to write the result</param>
-        /// <param name="inputBuffer">The input buffer to write the result</param>
+        /// <param name="inputBuffer">The input buffer to read the samples from</param>
         /// <param name="sampleCount">The count of samples to process</param>
+        /// <param name="volume">Mix volume</param>
         [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-        public static void ProcessBiquadFilter(ReadOnlySpan<BiquadFilterParameter> parameters, Span<BiquadFilterState> states, Span<float> outputBuffer, ReadOnlySpan<float> inputBuffer, uint sampleCount)
+        public static void ProcessBiquadFilterAndMix(
+            ref BiquadFilterParameter parameter,
+            ref BiquadFilterState state,
+            Span<float> outputBuffer,
+            ReadOnlySpan<float> inputBuffer,
+            uint sampleCount,
+            float volume)
         {
-            for (int stageIndex = 0; stageIndex < parameters.Length; stageIndex++)
-            {
-                BiquadFilterParameter parameter = parameters[stageIndex];
-
-                ref BiquadFilterState state = ref states[stageIndex];
-
             float a0 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter.Numerator[0], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
             float a1 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter.Numerator[1], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
             float a2 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter.Numerator[2], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
@@ -75,9 +81,227 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp
                 state.State3 = state.State2;
                 state.State2 = output;
 
+                outputBuffer[i] += FloatingPointHelper.MultiplyRoundUp(output, volume);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Apply a single biquad filter and mix the result into the output buffer with volume ramp.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>This is implemented with a direct form 1.</remarks>
+        /// <param name="parameter">The biquad filter parameter</param>
+        /// <param name="state">The biquad filter state</param>
+        /// <param name="outputBuffer">The output buffer to write the result</param>
+        /// <param name="inputBuffer">The input buffer to read the samples from</param>
+        /// <param name="sampleCount">The count of samples to process</param>
+        /// <param name="volume">Initial mix volume</param>
+        /// <param name="ramp">Volume increment step</param>
+        /// <returns>Last filtered sample value</returns>
+        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+        public static float ProcessBiquadFilterAndMixRamp(
+            ref BiquadFilterParameter parameter,
+            ref BiquadFilterState state,
+            Span<float> outputBuffer,
+            ReadOnlySpan<float> inputBuffer,
+            uint sampleCount,
+            float volume,
+            float ramp)
+        {
+            float a0 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter.Numerator[0], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float a1 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter.Numerator[1], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float a2 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter.Numerator[2], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+
+            float b1 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter.Denominator[0], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float b2 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter.Denominator[1], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+
+            float mixState = 0f;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < sampleCount; i++)
+            {
+                float input = inputBuffer[i];
+                float output = input * a0 + state.State0 * a1 + state.State1 * a2 + state.State2 * b1 + state.State3 * b2;
+
+                state.State1 = state.State0;
+                state.State0 = input;
+                state.State3 = state.State2;
+                state.State2 = output;
+
+                mixState = FloatingPointHelper.MultiplyRoundUp(output, volume);
+
+                outputBuffer[i] += mixState;
+                volume += ramp;
+            }
+
+            return mixState;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Apply multiple biquad filter.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>This is implemented with a direct form 1.</remarks>
+        /// <param name="parameters">The biquad filter parameter</param>
+        /// <param name="states">The biquad filter state</param>
+        /// <param name="outputBuffer">The output buffer to write the result</param>
+        /// <param name="inputBuffer">The input buffer to read the samples from</param>
+        /// <param name="sampleCount">The count of samples to process</param>
+        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+        public static void ProcessBiquadFilter(
+            ReadOnlySpan<BiquadFilterParameter> parameters,
+            Span<BiquadFilterState> states,
+            Span<float> outputBuffer,
+            ReadOnlySpan<float> inputBuffer,
+            uint sampleCount)
+        {
+            for (int stageIndex = 0; stageIndex < parameters.Length; stageIndex++)
+            {
+                BiquadFilterParameter parameter = parameters[stageIndex];
+
+                ref BiquadFilterState state = ref states[stageIndex];
+
+                float a0 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter.Numerator[0], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+                float a1 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter.Numerator[1], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+                float a2 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter.Numerator[2], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+
+                float b1 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter.Denominator[0], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+                float b2 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter.Denominator[1], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+
+                for (int i = 0; i < sampleCount; i++)
+                {
+                    float input = stageIndex != 0 ? outputBuffer[i] : inputBuffer[i];
+                    float output = input * a0 + state.State0 * a1 + state.State1 * a2 + state.State2 * b1 + state.State3 * b2;
+
+                    state.State1 = state.State0;
+                    state.State0 = input;
+                    state.State3 = state.State2;
+                    state.State2 = output;
+
                     outputBuffer[i] = output;
                 }
             }
         }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Apply double biquad filter and mix the result into the output buffer.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>This is implemented with a direct form 1.</remarks>
+        /// <param name="parameters">The biquad filter parameter</param>
+        /// <param name="states">The biquad filter state</param>
+        /// <param name="outputBuffer">The output buffer to write the result</param>
+        /// <param name="inputBuffer">The input buffer to read the samples from</param>
+        /// <param name="sampleCount">The count of samples to process</param>
+        /// <param name="volume">Mix volume</param>
+        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+        public static void ProcessDoubleBiquadFilterAndMix(
+            ref BiquadFilterParameter parameter0,
+            ref BiquadFilterParameter parameter1,
+            ref BiquadFilterState state0,
+            ref BiquadFilterState state1,
+            Span<float> outputBuffer,
+            ReadOnlySpan<float> inputBuffer,
+            uint sampleCount,
+            float volume)
+        {
+            float a00 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter0.Numerator[0], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float a10 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter0.Numerator[1], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float a20 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter0.Numerator[2], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+
+            float b10 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter0.Denominator[0], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float b20 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter0.Denominator[1], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+
+            float a01 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter1.Numerator[0], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float a11 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter1.Numerator[1], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float a21 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter1.Numerator[2], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+
+            float b11 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter1.Denominator[0], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float b21 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter1.Denominator[1], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < sampleCount; i++)
+            {
+                float input = inputBuffer[i];
+                float output = input * a00 + state0.State0 * a10 + state0.State1 * a20 + state0.State2 * b10 + state0.State3 * b20;
+
+                state0.State1 = state0.State0;
+                state0.State0 = input;
+                state0.State3 = state0.State2;
+                state0.State2 = output;
+
+                input = output;
+                output = input * a01 + state1.State0 * a11 + state1.State1 * a21 + state1.State2 * b11 + state1.State3 * b21;
+
+                state1.State1 = state1.State0;
+                state1.State0 = input;
+                state1.State3 = state1.State2;
+                state1.State2 = output;
+
+                outputBuffer[i] += FloatingPointHelper.MultiplyRoundUp(output, volume);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Apply double biquad filter and mix the result into the output buffer with volume ramp.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>This is implemented with a direct form 1.</remarks>
+        /// <param name="parameters">The biquad filter parameter</param>
+        /// <param name="states">The biquad filter state</param>
+        /// <param name="outputBuffer">The output buffer to write the result</param>
+        /// <param name="inputBuffer">The input buffer to read the samples from</param>
+        /// <param name="sampleCount">The count of samples to process</param>
+        /// <param name="volume">Initial mix volume</param>
+        /// <param name="ramp">Volume increment step</param>
+        /// <returns>Last filtered sample value</returns>
+        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+        public static float ProcessDoubleBiquadFilterAndMixRamp(
+            ref BiquadFilterParameter parameter0,
+            ref BiquadFilterParameter parameter1,
+            ref BiquadFilterState state0,
+            ref BiquadFilterState state1,
+            Span<float> outputBuffer,
+            ReadOnlySpan<float> inputBuffer,
+            uint sampleCount,
+            float volume,
+            float ramp)
+        {
+            float a00 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter0.Numerator[0], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float a10 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter0.Numerator[1], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float a20 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter0.Numerator[2], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+
+            float b10 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter0.Denominator[0], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float b20 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter0.Denominator[1], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+
+            float a01 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter1.Numerator[0], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float a11 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter1.Numerator[1], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float a21 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter1.Numerator[2], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+
+            float b11 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter1.Denominator[0], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float b21 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter1.Denominator[1], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+
+            float mixState = 0f;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < sampleCount; i++)
+            {
+                float input = inputBuffer[i];
+                float output = input * a00 + state0.State0 * a10 + state0.State1 * a20 + state0.State2 * b10 + state0.State3 * b20;
+
+                state0.State1 = state0.State0;
+                state0.State0 = input;
+                state0.State3 = state0.State2;
+                state0.State2 = output;
+
+                input = output;
+                output = input * a01 + state1.State0 * a11 + state1.State1 * a21 + state1.State2 * b11 + state1.State3 * b21;
+
+                state1.State1 = state1.State0;
+                state1.State0 = input;
+                state1.State3 = state1.State2;
+                state1.State2 = output;
+
+                mixState = FloatingPointHelper.MultiplyRoundUp(output, volume);
+
+                outputBuffer[i] += mixState;
+                volume += ramp;
+            }
+
+            return mixState;
+        }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Dsp/Command/BiquadFilterAndMixCommand.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+using Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Common;
+using Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp.State;
+using Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Parameter;
+using System;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp.Command
+{
+    public class BiquadFilterAndMixCommand : ICommand
+    {
+        public bool Enabled { get; set; }
+
+        public int NodeId { get; }
+
+        public CommandType CommandType => CommandType.BiquadFilterAndMix;
+
+        public uint EstimatedProcessingTime { get; set; }
+
+        public ushort InputBufferIndex { get; }
+        public ushort OutputBufferIndex { get; }
+
+        private BiquadFilterParameter _parameter;
+
+        public Memory<BiquadFilterState> BiquadFilterState { get; }
+        public Memory<BiquadFilterState> PreviousBiquadFilterState { get; }
+
+        public Memory<VoiceUpdateState> State { get; }
+
+        public int LastSampleIndex { get; }
+
+        public float Volume0 { get; }
+        public float Volume1 { get; }
+
+        public bool NeedInitialization { get; }
+        public bool HasVolumeRamp { get; }
+        public bool IsFirstMixBuffer { get; }
+
+        public BiquadFilterAndMixCommand(
+            float volume0,
+            float volume1,
+            uint inputBufferIndex,
+            uint outputBufferIndex,
+            int lastSampleIndex,
+            Memory<VoiceUpdateState> state,
+            ref BiquadFilterParameter filter,
+            Memory<BiquadFilterState> biquadFilterState,
+            Memory<BiquadFilterState> previousBiquadFilterState,
+            bool needInitialization,
+            bool hasVolumeRamp,
+            bool isFirstMixBuffer,
+            int nodeId)
+        {
+            Enabled = true;
+            NodeId = nodeId;
+
+            InputBufferIndex = (ushort)inputBufferIndex;
+            OutputBufferIndex = (ushort)outputBufferIndex;
+
+            _parameter = filter;
+            BiquadFilterState = biquadFilterState;
+            PreviousBiquadFilterState = previousBiquadFilterState;
+
+            State = state;
+            LastSampleIndex = lastSampleIndex;
+
+            Volume0 = volume0;
+            Volume1 = volume1;
+
+            NeedInitialization = needInitialization;
+            HasVolumeRamp = hasVolumeRamp;
+            IsFirstMixBuffer = isFirstMixBuffer;
+        }
+
+        public void Process(CommandList context)
+        {
+            ReadOnlySpan<float> inputBuffer = context.GetBuffer(InputBufferIndex);
+            Span<float> outputBuffer = context.GetBuffer(OutputBufferIndex);
+
+            if (NeedInitialization)
+            {
+                // If there is no previous state, initialize to zero.
+
+                BiquadFilterState.Span[0] = new BiquadFilterState();
+            }
+            else if (IsFirstMixBuffer)
+            {
+                // This is the first buffer, set previous state to current state.
+
+                PreviousBiquadFilterState.Span[0] = BiquadFilterState.Span[0];
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                // Rewind the current state by copying back the previous state.
+
+                BiquadFilterState.Span[0] = PreviousBiquadFilterState.Span[0];
+            }
+
+            if (HasVolumeRamp)
+            {
+                float volume = Volume0;
+                float ramp = (Volume1 - Volume0) / (int)context.SampleCount;
+
+                State.Span[0].LastSamples[LastSampleIndex] = BiquadFilterHelper.ProcessBiquadFilterAndMixRamp(
+                    ref _parameter,
+                    ref BiquadFilterState.Span[0],
+                    outputBuffer,
+                    inputBuffer,
+                    context.SampleCount,
+                    volume,
+                    ramp);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                BiquadFilterHelper.ProcessBiquadFilterAndMix(
+                    ref _parameter,
+                    ref BiquadFilterState.Span[0],
+                    outputBuffer,
+                    inputBuffer,
+                    context.SampleCount,
+                    Volume1);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Dsp/Command/CommandType.cs

@@ -30,8 +30,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp.Command
         CopyMixBuffer,
         LimiterVersion1,
         LimiterVersion2,
-        GroupedBiquadFilter,
+        MultiTapBiquadFilter,
         CaptureBuffer,
         Compressor,
+        BiquadFilterAndMix,
+        MultiTapBiquadFilterAndMix,
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Dsp/Command/MixRampGroupedCommand.cs

@@ -24,7 +24,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp.Command
 
         public Memory<VoiceUpdateState> State { get; }
 
-        public MixRampGroupedCommand(uint mixBufferCount, uint inputBufferIndex, uint outputBufferIndex, Span<float> volume0, Span<float> volume1, Memory<VoiceUpdateState> state, int nodeId)
+        public MixRampGroupedCommand(
+            uint mixBufferCount,
+            uint inputBufferIndex,
+            uint outputBufferIndex,
+            ReadOnlySpan<float> volume0,
+            ReadOnlySpan<float> volume1,
+            Memory<VoiceUpdateState> state,
+            int nodeId)
         {
             Enabled = true;
             MixBufferCount = mixBufferCount;
@@ -48,7 +55,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp.Command
         }
 
         [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-        private static float ProcessMixRampGrouped(Span<float> outputBuffer, ReadOnlySpan<float> inputBuffer, float volume0, float volume1, int sampleCount)
+        private static float ProcessMixRampGrouped(
+            Span<float> outputBuffer,
+            ReadOnlySpan<float> inputBuffer,
+            float volume0,
+            float volume1,
+            int sampleCount)
         {
             float ramp = (volume1 - volume0) / sampleCount;
             float volume = volume0;

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Dsp/Command/MultiTapBiquadFilterAndMixCommand.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+using Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Common;
+using Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp.State;
+using Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Parameter;
+using System;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp.Command
+{
+    public class MultiTapBiquadFilterAndMixCommand : ICommand
+    {
+        public bool Enabled { get; set; }
+
+        public int NodeId { get; }
+
+        public CommandType CommandType => CommandType.MultiTapBiquadFilterAndMix;
+
+        public uint EstimatedProcessingTime { get; set; }
+
+        public ushort InputBufferIndex { get; }
+        public ushort OutputBufferIndex { get; }
+
+        private BiquadFilterParameter _parameter0;
+        private BiquadFilterParameter _parameter1;
+
+        public Memory<BiquadFilterState> BiquadFilterState0 { get; }
+        public Memory<BiquadFilterState> BiquadFilterState1 { get; }
+        public Memory<BiquadFilterState> PreviousBiquadFilterState0 { get; }
+        public Memory<BiquadFilterState> PreviousBiquadFilterState1 { get; }
+
+        public Memory<VoiceUpdateState> State { get; }
+
+        public int LastSampleIndex { get; }
+
+        public float Volume0 { get; }
+        public float Volume1 { get; }
+
+        public bool NeedInitialization0 { get; }
+        public bool NeedInitialization1 { get; }
+        public bool HasVolumeRamp { get; }
+        public bool IsFirstMixBuffer { get; }
+
+        public MultiTapBiquadFilterAndMixCommand(
+            float volume0,
+            float volume1,
+            uint inputBufferIndex,
+            uint outputBufferIndex,
+            int lastSampleIndex,
+            Memory<VoiceUpdateState> state,
+            ref BiquadFilterParameter filter0,
+            ref BiquadFilterParameter filter1,
+            Memory<BiquadFilterState> biquadFilterState0,
+            Memory<BiquadFilterState> biquadFilterState1,
+            Memory<BiquadFilterState> previousBiquadFilterState0,
+            Memory<BiquadFilterState> previousBiquadFilterState1,
+            bool needInitialization0,
+            bool needInitialization1,
+            bool hasVolumeRamp,
+            bool isFirstMixBuffer,
+            int nodeId)
+        {
+            Enabled = true;
+            NodeId = nodeId;
+
+            InputBufferIndex = (ushort)inputBufferIndex;
+            OutputBufferIndex = (ushort)outputBufferIndex;
+
+            _parameter0 = filter0;
+            _parameter1 = filter1;
+            BiquadFilterState0 = biquadFilterState0;
+            BiquadFilterState1 = biquadFilterState1;
+            PreviousBiquadFilterState0 = previousBiquadFilterState0;
+            PreviousBiquadFilterState1 = previousBiquadFilterState1;
+
+            State = state;
+            LastSampleIndex = lastSampleIndex;
+
+            Volume0 = volume0;
+            Volume1 = volume1;
+
+            NeedInitialization0 = needInitialization0;
+            NeedInitialization1 = needInitialization1;
+            HasVolumeRamp = hasVolumeRamp;
+            IsFirstMixBuffer = isFirstMixBuffer;
+        }
+
+        private void UpdateState(Memory<BiquadFilterState> state, Memory<BiquadFilterState> previousState, bool needInitialization)
+        {
+            if (needInitialization)
+            {
+                // If there is no previous state, initialize to zero.
+
+                state.Span[0] = new BiquadFilterState();
+            }
+            else if (IsFirstMixBuffer)
+            {
+                // This is the first buffer, set previous state to current state.
+
+                previousState.Span[0] = state.Span[0];
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                // Rewind the current state by copying back the previous state.
+
+                state.Span[0] = previousState.Span[0];
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void Process(CommandList context)
+        {
+            ReadOnlySpan<float> inputBuffer = context.GetBuffer(InputBufferIndex);
+            Span<float> outputBuffer = context.GetBuffer(OutputBufferIndex);
+
+            UpdateState(BiquadFilterState0, PreviousBiquadFilterState0, NeedInitialization0);
+            UpdateState(BiquadFilterState1, PreviousBiquadFilterState1, NeedInitialization1);
+
+            if (HasVolumeRamp)
+            {
+                float volume = Volume0;
+                float ramp = (Volume1 - Volume0) / (int)context.SampleCount;
+
+                State.Span[0].LastSamples[LastSampleIndex] = BiquadFilterHelper.ProcessDoubleBiquadFilterAndMixRamp(
+                    ref _parameter0,
+                    ref _parameter1,
+                    ref BiquadFilterState0.Span[0],
+                    ref BiquadFilterState1.Span[0],
+                    outputBuffer,
+                    inputBuffer,
+                    context.SampleCount,
+                    volume,
+                    ramp);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                BiquadFilterHelper.ProcessDoubleBiquadFilterAndMix(
+                    ref _parameter0,
+                    ref _parameter1,
+                    ref BiquadFilterState0.Span[0],
+                    ref BiquadFilterState1.Span[0],
+                    outputBuffer,
+                    inputBuffer,
+                    context.SampleCount,
+                    Volume1);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Dsp/Command/MultiTapBiquadFilterCommand.cs

@@ -4,13 +4,13 @@ using System;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp.Command
 {
-    public class GroupedBiquadFilterCommand : ICommand
+    public class MultiTapBiquadFilterCommand : ICommand
     {
         public bool Enabled { get; set; }
 
         public int NodeId { get; }
 
-        public CommandType CommandType => CommandType.GroupedBiquadFilter;
+        public CommandType CommandType => CommandType.MultiTapBiquadFilter;
 
         public uint EstimatedProcessingTime { get; set; }
 
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp.Command
         private readonly int _outputBufferIndex;
         private readonly bool[] _isInitialized;
 
-        public GroupedBiquadFilterCommand(int baseIndex, ReadOnlySpan<BiquadFilterParameter> filters, Memory<BiquadFilterState> biquadFilterStateMemory, int inputBufferOffset, int outputBufferOffset, ReadOnlySpan<bool> isInitialized, int nodeId)
+        public MultiTapBiquadFilterCommand(int baseIndex, ReadOnlySpan<BiquadFilterParameter> filters, Memory<BiquadFilterState> biquadFilterStateMemory, int inputBufferOffset, int outputBufferOffset, ReadOnlySpan<bool> isInitialized, int nodeId)
         {
             _parameters = filters.ToArray();
             _biquadFilterStates = biquadFilterStateMemory;

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Dsp/State/BiquadFilterState.cs

@@ -2,12 +2,16 @@ using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp.State
 {
-    [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, Pack = 1, Size = 0x10)]
+    [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, Pack = 1, Size = 0x20)]
     public struct BiquadFilterState
     {
         public float State0;
         public float State1;
         public float State2;
         public float State3;
+        public float State4;
+        public float State5;
+        public float State6;
+        public float State7;
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Parameter/ISplitterDestinationInParameter.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
+using System;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Parameter
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Generic interface for the splitter destination parameters.
+    /// </summary>
+    public interface ISplitterDestinationInParameter
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Target splitter destination data id.
+        /// </summary>
+        int Id { get; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The mix to output the result of the splitter.
+        /// </summary>
+        int DestinationId { get; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Biquad filter parameters.
+        /// </summary>
+        Array2<BiquadFilterParameter> BiquadFilters { get; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Set to true if in use.
+        /// </summary>
+        bool IsUsed { get; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Mix buffer volumes.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>Used when a splitter id is specified in the mix.</remarks>
+        Span<float> MixBufferVolume { get; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Check if the magic is valid.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Returns true if the magic is valid.</returns>
+        bool IsMagicValid();
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Parameter/SplitterDestinationInParameterVersion1.cs

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Common.Utilities;
 using System;
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
@@ -5,10 +6,10 @@ using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
 namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Parameter
 {
     /// <summary>
-    /// Input header for a splitter destination update.
+    /// Input header for a splitter destination version 1 update.
     /// </summary>
     [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, Pack = 1)]
-    public struct SplitterDestinationInParameter
+    public struct SplitterDestinationInParameterVersion1 : ISplitterDestinationInParameter
     {
         /// <summary>
         /// Magic of the input header.
@@ -41,7 +42,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Parameter
         /// </summary>
         private unsafe fixed byte _reserved[3];
 
-        [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, Size = 4 * Constants.MixBufferCountMax, Pack = 1)]
+        [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, Size = sizeof(float) * Constants.MixBufferCountMax, Pack = 1)]
         private struct MixArray { }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -50,6 +51,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Parameter
         /// <remarks>Used when a splitter id is specified in the mix.</remarks>
         public Span<float> MixBufferVolume => SpanHelpers.AsSpan<MixArray, float>(ref _mixBufferVolume);
 
+        readonly int ISplitterDestinationInParameter.Id => Id;
+
+        readonly int ISplitterDestinationInParameter.DestinationId => DestinationId;
+
+        readonly Array2<BiquadFilterParameter> ISplitterDestinationInParameter.BiquadFilters => default;
+
+        readonly bool ISplitterDestinationInParameter.IsUsed => IsUsed;
+
         /// <summary>
         /// The expected constant of any input header.
         /// </summary>

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Parameter/SplitterDestinationInParameterVersion2.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
+using Ryujinx.Common.Utilities;
+using System;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Parameter
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Input header for a splitter destination version 2 update.
+    /// </summary>
+    [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, Pack = 1)]
+    public struct SplitterDestinationInParameterVersion2 : ISplitterDestinationInParameter
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Magic of the input header.
+        /// </summary>
+        public uint Magic;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Target splitter destination data id.
+        /// </summary>
+        public int Id;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Mix buffer volumes storage.
+        /// </summary>
+        private MixArray _mixBufferVolume;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The mix to output the result of the splitter.
+        /// </summary>
+        public int DestinationId;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Biquad filter parameters.
+        /// </summary>
+        public Array2<BiquadFilterParameter> BiquadFilters;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Set to true if in use.
+        /// </summary>
+        [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.I1)]
+        public bool IsUsed;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Reserved/padding.
+        /// </summary>
+        private unsafe fixed byte _reserved[11];
+
+        [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, Size = sizeof(float) * Constants.MixBufferCountMax, Pack = 1)]
+        private struct MixArray { }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Mix buffer volumes.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>Used when a splitter id is specified in the mix.</remarks>
+        public Span<float> MixBufferVolume => SpanHelpers.AsSpan<MixArray, float>(ref _mixBufferVolume);
+
+        readonly int ISplitterDestinationInParameter.Id => Id;
+
+        readonly int ISplitterDestinationInParameter.DestinationId => DestinationId;
+
+        readonly Array2<BiquadFilterParameter> ISplitterDestinationInParameter.BiquadFilters => BiquadFilters;
+
+        readonly bool ISplitterDestinationInParameter.IsUsed => IsUsed;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The expected constant of any input header.
+        /// </summary>
+        private const uint ValidMagic = 0x44444E53;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Check if the magic is valid.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Returns true if the magic is valid.</returns>
+        public readonly bool IsMagicValid()
+        {
+            return Magic == ValidMagic;
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/AudioRenderSystem.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 using Ryujinx.Audio.Integration;
 using Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Common;
 using Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp.Command;
+using Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp.State;
 using Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Parameter;
 using Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Effect;
 using Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.MemoryPool;
@@ -173,6 +174,22 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
                 return ResultCode.WorkBufferTooSmall;
             }
 
+            Memory<BiquadFilterState> splitterBqfStates = Memory<BiquadFilterState>.Empty;
+
+            if (_behaviourContext.IsBiquadFilterParameterForSplitterEnabled() &&
+                parameter.SplitterCount > 0 &&
+                parameter.SplitterDestinationCount > 0)
+            {
+                splitterBqfStates = workBufferAllocator.Allocate<BiquadFilterState>(parameter.SplitterDestinationCount * SplitterContext.BqfStatesPerDestination, 0x10);
+
+                if (splitterBqfStates.IsEmpty)
+                {
+                    return ResultCode.WorkBufferTooSmall;
+                }
+
+                splitterBqfStates.Span.Clear();
+            }
+
             // Invalidate DSP cache on what was currently allocated with workBuffer.
             AudioProcessorMemoryManager.InvalidateDspCache(_dspMemoryPoolState.Translate(workBuffer, workBufferAllocator.Offset), workBufferAllocator.Offset);
 
@@ -292,7 +309,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
                 state = MemoryPoolState.Create(MemoryPoolState.LocationType.Cpu);
             }
 
-            if (!_splitterContext.Initialize(ref _behaviourContext, ref parameter, workBufferAllocator))
+            if (!_splitterContext.Initialize(ref _behaviourContext, ref parameter, workBufferAllocator, splitterBqfStates))
             {
                 return ResultCode.WorkBufferTooSmall;
             }
@@ -775,6 +792,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
             // Splitter
             size = SplitterContext.GetWorkBufferSize(size, ref behaviourContext, ref parameter);
 
+            if (behaviourContext.IsBiquadFilterParameterForSplitterEnabled() &&
+                parameter.SplitterCount > 0 &&
+                parameter.SplitterDestinationCount > 0)
+            {
+                size = WorkBufferAllocator.GetTargetSize<BiquadFilterState>(size, parameter.SplitterDestinationCount * SplitterContext.BqfStatesPerDestination, 0x10);
+            }
+
             // DSP Voice
             size = WorkBufferAllocator.GetTargetSize<VoiceUpdateState>(size, parameter.VoiceCount, VoiceUpdateState.Align);
 

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/BehaviourContext.cs

@@ -45,7 +45,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
         /// <see cref="Parameter.RendererInfoOutStatus"/> was added to supply the count of update done sent to the DSP.
         /// A new version of the command estimator was added to address timing changes caused by the voice changes.
         /// Additionally, the rendering limit percent was incremented to 80%.
-        ///
         /// </summary>
         /// <remarks>This was added in system update 6.0.0</remarks>
         public const int Revision5 = 5 << 24;
@@ -101,10 +100,18 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
         /// <remarks>This was added in system update 14.0.0 but some changes were made in 15.0.0</remarks>
         public const int Revision11 = 11 << 24;
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// REV12:
+        /// Two new commands were added to for biquad filtering and mixing (with optinal volume ramp) on the same command.
+        /// Splitter destinations can now specify up to two biquad filtering parameters, used for filtering the buffer before mixing.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>This was added in system update 17.0.0</remarks>
+        public const int Revision12 = 12 << 24;
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Last revision supported by the implementation.
         /// </summary>
-        public const int LastRevision = Revision11;
+        public const int LastRevision = Revision12;
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Target revision magic supported by the implementation.
@@ -354,7 +361,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
         /// Check if the audio renderer should use an optimized Biquad Filter (Direct Form 1) in case of two biquad filters are defined on a voice.
         /// </summary>
         /// <returns>True if the audio renderer should use the optimization.</returns>
-        public bool IsBiquadFilterGroupedOptimizationSupported()
+        public bool UseMultiTapBiquadFilterProcessing()
         {
             return CheckFeatureSupported(UserRevision, BaseRevisionMagic + Revision10);
         }
@@ -368,6 +375,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
             return CheckFeatureSupported(UserRevision, BaseRevisionMagic + Revision11);
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Check if the audio renderer should support biquad filter on splitter.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>True if the audio renderer support biquad filter on splitter</returns>
+        public bool IsBiquadFilterParameterForSplitterEnabled()
+        {
+            return CheckFeatureSupported(UserRevision, BaseRevisionMagic + Revision12);
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Get the version of the <see cref="ICommandProcessingTimeEstimator"/>.
         /// </summary>

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/CommandBuffer.cs

@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
         }
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Create a new <see cref="GroupedBiquadFilterCommand"/>.
+        /// Create a new <see cref="MultiTapBiquadFilterCommand"/>.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="baseIndex">The base index of the input and output buffer.</param>
         /// <param name="filters">The biquad filter parameters.</param>
@@ -213,9 +213,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
         /// <param name="outputBufferOffset">The output buffer offset.</param>
         /// <param name="isInitialized">Set to true if the biquad filter state is initialized.</param>
         /// <param name="nodeId">The node id associated to this command.</param>
-        public void GenerateGroupedBiquadFilter(int baseIndex, ReadOnlySpan<BiquadFilterParameter> filters, Memory<BiquadFilterState> biquadFilterStatesMemory, int inputBufferOffset, int outputBufferOffset, ReadOnlySpan<bool> isInitialized, int nodeId)
+        public void GenerateMultiTapBiquadFilter(int baseIndex, ReadOnlySpan<BiquadFilterParameter> filters, Memory<BiquadFilterState> biquadFilterStatesMemory, int inputBufferOffset, int outputBufferOffset, ReadOnlySpan<bool> isInitialized, int nodeId)
         {
-            GroupedBiquadFilterCommand command = new(baseIndex, filters, biquadFilterStatesMemory, inputBufferOffset, outputBufferOffset, isInitialized, nodeId);
+            MultiTapBiquadFilterCommand command = new(baseIndex, filters, biquadFilterStatesMemory, inputBufferOffset, outputBufferOffset, isInitialized, nodeId);
 
             command.EstimatedProcessingTime = _commandProcessingTimeEstimator.Estimate(command);
 
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
         /// <param name="volume">The new volume.</param>
         /// <param name="state">The <see cref="VoiceUpdateState"/> to generate the command from.</param>
         /// <param name="nodeId">The node id associated to this command.</param>
-        public void GenerateMixRampGrouped(uint mixBufferCount, uint inputBufferIndex, uint outputBufferIndex, Span<float> previousVolume, Span<float> volume, Memory<VoiceUpdateState> state, int nodeId)
+        public void GenerateMixRampGrouped(uint mixBufferCount, uint inputBufferIndex, uint outputBufferIndex, ReadOnlySpan<float> previousVolume, ReadOnlySpan<float> volume, Memory<VoiceUpdateState> state, int nodeId)
         {
             MixRampGroupedCommand command = new(mixBufferCount, inputBufferIndex, outputBufferIndex, previousVolume, volume, state, nodeId);
 
@@ -260,6 +260,120 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
             AddCommand(command);
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Generate a new <see cref="BiquadFilterAndMixCommand"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="previousVolume">The previous volume.</param>
+        /// <param name="volume">The new volume.</param>
+        /// <param name="inputBufferIndex">The input buffer index.</param>
+        /// <param name="outputBufferIndex">The output buffer index.</param>
+        /// <param name="lastSampleIndex">The index in the <see cref="VoiceUpdateState.LastSamples"/> array to store the ramped sample.</param>
+        /// <param name="state">The <see cref="VoiceUpdateState"/> to generate the command from.</param>
+        /// <param name="filter">The biquad filter parameter.</param>
+        /// <param name="biquadFilterState">The biquad state.</param>
+        /// <param name="previousBiquadFilterState">The previous biquad state.</param>
+        /// <param name="needInitialization">Set to true if the biquad filter state needs to be initialized.</param>
+        /// <param name="hasVolumeRamp">Set to true if the mix has volume ramp, and <paramref name="previousVolume"/> should be taken into account.</param>
+        /// <param name="isFirstMixBuffer">Set to true if the buffer is the first mix buffer.</param>
+        /// <param name="nodeId">The node id associated to this command.</param>
+        public void GenerateBiquadFilterAndMix(
+            float previousVolume,
+            float volume,
+            uint inputBufferIndex,
+            uint outputBufferIndex,
+            int lastSampleIndex,
+            Memory<VoiceUpdateState> state,
+            ref BiquadFilterParameter filter,
+            Memory<BiquadFilterState> biquadFilterState,
+            Memory<BiquadFilterState> previousBiquadFilterState,
+            bool needInitialization,
+            bool hasVolumeRamp,
+            bool isFirstMixBuffer,
+            int nodeId)
+        {
+            BiquadFilterAndMixCommand command = new(
+                previousVolume,
+                volume,
+                inputBufferIndex,
+                outputBufferIndex,
+                lastSampleIndex,
+                state,
+                ref filter,
+                biquadFilterState,
+                previousBiquadFilterState,
+                needInitialization,
+                hasVolumeRamp,
+                isFirstMixBuffer,
+                nodeId);
+
+            command.EstimatedProcessingTime = _commandProcessingTimeEstimator.Estimate(command);
+
+            AddCommand(command);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Generate a new <see cref="MultiTapBiquadFilterAndMixCommand"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="previousVolume">The previous volume.</param>
+        /// <param name="volume">The new volume.</param>
+        /// <param name="inputBufferIndex">The input buffer index.</param>
+        /// <param name="outputBufferIndex">The output buffer index.</param>
+        /// <param name="lastSampleIndex">The index in the <see cref="VoiceUpdateState.LastSamples"/> array to store the ramped sample.</param>
+        /// <param name="state">The <see cref="VoiceUpdateState"/> to generate the command from.</param>
+        /// <param name="filter0">First biquad filter parameter.</param>
+        /// <param name="filter1">Second biquad filter parameter.</param>
+        /// <param name="biquadFilterState0">First biquad state.</param>
+        /// <param name="biquadFilterState1">Second biquad state.</param>
+        /// <param name="previousBiquadFilterState0">First previous biquad state.</param>
+        /// <param name="previousBiquadFilterState1">Second previous biquad state.</param>
+        /// <param name="needInitialization0">Set to true if the first biquad filter state needs to be initialized.</param>
+        /// <param name="needInitialization1">Set to true if the second biquad filter state needs to be initialized.</param>
+        /// <param name="hasVolumeRamp">Set to true if the mix has volume ramp, and <paramref name="previousVolume"/> should be taken into account.</param>
+        /// <param name="isFirstMixBuffer">Set to true if the buffer is the first mix buffer.</param>
+        /// <param name="nodeId">The node id associated to this command.</param>
+        public void GenerateMultiTapBiquadFilterAndMix(
+            float previousVolume,
+            float volume,
+            uint inputBufferIndex,
+            uint outputBufferIndex,
+            int lastSampleIndex,
+            Memory<VoiceUpdateState> state,
+            ref BiquadFilterParameter filter0,
+            ref BiquadFilterParameter filter1,
+            Memory<BiquadFilterState> biquadFilterState0,
+            Memory<BiquadFilterState> biquadFilterState1,
+            Memory<BiquadFilterState> previousBiquadFilterState0,
+            Memory<BiquadFilterState> previousBiquadFilterState1,
+            bool needInitialization0,
+            bool needInitialization1,
+            bool hasVolumeRamp,
+            bool isFirstMixBuffer,
+            int nodeId)
+        {
+            MultiTapBiquadFilterAndMixCommand command = new(
+                previousVolume,
+                volume,
+                inputBufferIndex,
+                outputBufferIndex,
+                lastSampleIndex,
+                state,
+                ref filter0,
+                ref filter1,
+                biquadFilterState0,
+                biquadFilterState1,
+                previousBiquadFilterState0,
+                previousBiquadFilterState1,
+                needInitialization0,
+                needInitialization1,
+                hasVolumeRamp,
+                isFirstMixBuffer,
+                nodeId);
+
+            command.EstimatedProcessingTime = _commandProcessingTimeEstimator.Estimate(command);
+
+            AddCommand(command);
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Generate a new <see cref="DepopForMixBuffersCommand"/>.
         /// </summary>
@@ -268,7 +382,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
         /// <param name="bufferCount">The buffer count.</param>
         /// <param name="nodeId">The node id associated to this command.</param>
         /// <param name="sampleRate">The target sample rate in use.</param>
-        public void GenerateDepopForMixBuffersCommand(Memory<float> depopBuffer, uint bufferOffset, uint bufferCount, int nodeId, uint sampleRate)
+        public void GenerateDepopForMixBuffers(Memory<float> depopBuffer, uint bufferOffset, uint bufferCount, int nodeId, uint sampleRate)
         {
             DepopForMixBuffersCommand command = new(depopBuffer, bufferOffset, bufferCount, nodeId, sampleRate);
 

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/CommandGenerator.cs

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ using Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Voice;
 using Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Utils;
 using System;
 using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
 {
@@ -46,7 +47,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
             {
                 ref MixState mix = ref _mixContext.GetState(voiceState.MixId);
 
-                _commandBuffer.GenerateDepopPrepare(dspState,
+                _commandBuffer.GenerateDepopPrepare(
+                    dspState,
                     _rendererContext.DepopBuffer,
                     mix.BufferCount,
                     mix.BufferOffset,
@@ -59,15 +61,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
 
                 while (true)
                 {
-                    Span<SplitterDestination> destinationSpan = _splitterContext.GetDestination((int)voiceState.SplitterId, destinationId++);
+                    SplitterDestination destination = _splitterContext.GetDestination((int)voiceState.SplitterId, destinationId++);
 
-                    if (destinationSpan.IsEmpty)
+                    if (destination.IsNull)
                     {
                         break;
                     }
 
-                    ref SplitterDestination destination = ref destinationSpan[0];
-
                     if (destination.IsConfigured())
                     {
                         int mixId = destination.DestinationId;
@@ -76,7 +76,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
                         {
                             ref MixState mix = ref _mixContext.GetState(mixId);
 
-                            _commandBuffer.GenerateDepopPrepare(dspState,
+                            _commandBuffer.GenerateDepopPrepare(
+                                dspState,
                                 _rendererContext.DepopBuffer,
                                 mix.BufferCount,
                                 mix.BufferOffset,
@@ -95,7 +96,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
 
                 if (_rendererContext.BehaviourContext.IsWaveBufferVersion2Supported())
                 {
-                    _commandBuffer.GenerateDataSourceVersion2(ref voiceState,
+                    _commandBuffer.GenerateDataSourceVersion2(
+                        ref voiceState,
                         dspState,
                         (ushort)_rendererContext.MixBufferCount,
                         (ushort)channelIndex,
@@ -106,21 +108,24 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
                     switch (voiceState.SampleFormat)
                     {
                         case SampleFormat.PcmInt16:
-                            _commandBuffer.GeneratePcmInt16DataSourceVersion1(ref voiceState,
+                            _commandBuffer.GeneratePcmInt16DataSourceVersion1(
+                                ref voiceState,
                                 dspState,
                                 (ushort)_rendererContext.MixBufferCount,
                                 (ushort)channelIndex,
                                 voiceState.NodeId);
                             break;
                         case SampleFormat.PcmFloat:
-                            _commandBuffer.GeneratePcmFloatDataSourceVersion1(ref voiceState,
+                            _commandBuffer.GeneratePcmFloatDataSourceVersion1(
+                                ref voiceState,
                                 dspState,
                                 (ushort)_rendererContext.MixBufferCount,
                                 (ushort)channelIndex,
                                 voiceState.NodeId);
                             break;
                         case SampleFormat.Adpcm:
-                            _commandBuffer.GenerateAdpcmDataSourceVersion1(ref voiceState,
+                            _commandBuffer.GenerateAdpcmDataSourceVersion1(
+                                ref voiceState,
                                 dspState,
                                 (ushort)_rendererContext.MixBufferCount,
                                 voiceState.NodeId);
@@ -134,14 +139,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
 
         private void GenerateBiquadFilterForVoice(ref VoiceState voiceState, Memory<VoiceUpdateState> state, int baseIndex, int bufferOffset, int nodeId)
         {
-            bool supportsOptimizedPath = _rendererContext.BehaviourContext.IsBiquadFilterGroupedOptimizationSupported();
+            bool supportsOptimizedPath = _rendererContext.BehaviourContext.UseMultiTapBiquadFilterProcessing();
 
             if (supportsOptimizedPath && voiceState.BiquadFilters[0].Enable && voiceState.BiquadFilters[1].Enable)
             {
-                Memory<byte> biquadStateRawMemory = SpanMemoryManager<byte>.Cast(state)[..(VoiceUpdateState.BiquadStateSize * Constants.VoiceBiquadFilterCount)];
+                Memory<byte> biquadStateRawMemory = SpanMemoryManager<byte>.Cast(state)[..(Unsafe.SizeOf<BiquadFilterState>() * Constants.VoiceBiquadFilterCount)];
                 Memory<BiquadFilterState> stateMemory = SpanMemoryManager<BiquadFilterState>.Cast(biquadStateRawMemory);
 
-                _commandBuffer.GenerateGroupedBiquadFilter(baseIndex, voiceState.BiquadFilters.AsSpan(), stateMemory, bufferOffset, bufferOffset, voiceState.BiquadFilterNeedInitialization, nodeId);
+                _commandBuffer.GenerateMultiTapBiquadFilter(baseIndex, voiceState.BiquadFilters.AsSpan(), stateMemory, bufferOffset, bufferOffset, voiceState.BiquadFilterNeedInitialization, nodeId);
             }
             else
             {
@@ -151,11 +156,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
 
                     if (filter.Enable)
                     {
-                        Memory<byte> biquadStateRawMemory = SpanMemoryManager<byte>.Cast(state)[..(VoiceUpdateState.BiquadStateSize * Constants.VoiceBiquadFilterCount)];
-
+                        Memory<byte> biquadStateRawMemory = SpanMemoryManager<byte>.Cast(state)[..(Unsafe.SizeOf<BiquadFilterState>() * Constants.VoiceBiquadFilterCount)];
                         Memory<BiquadFilterState> stateMemory = SpanMemoryManager<BiquadFilterState>.Cast(biquadStateRawMemory);
 
-                        _commandBuffer.GenerateBiquadFilter(baseIndex,
+                        _commandBuffer.GenerateBiquadFilter(
+                            baseIndex,
                             ref filter,
                             stateMemory.Slice(i, 1),
                             bufferOffset,
@@ -167,11 +172,112 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
             }
         }
 
-        private void GenerateVoiceMix(Span<float> mixVolumes, Span<float> previousMixVolumes, Memory<VoiceUpdateState> state, uint bufferOffset, uint bufferCount, uint bufferIndex, int nodeId)
+        private void GenerateVoiceMixWithSplitter(
+            SplitterDestination destination,
+            Memory<VoiceUpdateState> state,
+            uint bufferOffset,
+            uint bufferCount,
+            uint bufferIndex,
+            int nodeId)
+        {
+            ReadOnlySpan<float> mixVolumes = destination.MixBufferVolume;
+            ReadOnlySpan<float> previousMixVolumes = destination.PreviousMixBufferVolume;
+
+            ref BiquadFilterParameter bqf0 = ref destination.GetBiquadFilterParameter(0);
+            ref BiquadFilterParameter bqf1 = ref destination.GetBiquadFilterParameter(1);
+
+            Memory<BiquadFilterState> bqfState = _splitterContext.GetBiquadFilterState(destination);
+
+            bool isFirstMixBuffer = true;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < bufferCount; i++)
+            {
+                float previousMixVolume = previousMixVolumes[i];
+                float mixVolume = mixVolumes[i];
+
+                if (mixVolume != 0.0f || previousMixVolume != 0.0f)
+                {
+                    if (bqf0.Enable && bqf1.Enable)
+                    {
+                        _commandBuffer.GenerateMultiTapBiquadFilterAndMix(
+                            previousMixVolume,
+                            mixVolume,
+                            bufferIndex,
+                            bufferOffset + (uint)i,
+                            i,
+                            state,
+                            ref bqf0,
+                            ref bqf1,
+                            bqfState[..1],
+                            bqfState.Slice(1, 1),
+                            bqfState.Slice(2, 1),
+                            bqfState.Slice(3, 1),
+                            !destination.IsBiquadFilterEnabledPrev(),
+                            !destination.IsBiquadFilterEnabledPrev(),
+                            true,
+                            isFirstMixBuffer,
+                            nodeId);
+
+                        destination.UpdateBiquadFilterEnabledPrev(0);
+                        destination.UpdateBiquadFilterEnabledPrev(1);
+                    }
+                    else if (bqf0.Enable)
+                    {
+                        _commandBuffer.GenerateBiquadFilterAndMix(
+                            previousMixVolume,
+                            mixVolume,
+                            bufferIndex,
+                            bufferOffset + (uint)i,
+                            i,
+                            state,
+                            ref bqf0,
+                            bqfState[..1],
+                            bqfState.Slice(1, 1),
+                            !destination.IsBiquadFilterEnabledPrev(),
+                            true,
+                            isFirstMixBuffer,
+                            nodeId);
+
+                        destination.UpdateBiquadFilterEnabledPrev(0);
+                    }
+                    else if (bqf1.Enable)
+                    {
+                        _commandBuffer.GenerateBiquadFilterAndMix(
+                            previousMixVolume,
+                            mixVolume,
+                            bufferIndex,
+                            bufferOffset + (uint)i,
+                            i,
+                            state,
+                            ref bqf1,
+                            bqfState[..1],
+                            bqfState.Slice(1, 1),
+                            !destination.IsBiquadFilterEnabledPrev(),
+                            true,
+                            isFirstMixBuffer,
+                            nodeId);
+
+                        destination.UpdateBiquadFilterEnabledPrev(1);
+                    }
+
+                    isFirstMixBuffer = false;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void GenerateVoiceMix(
+            ReadOnlySpan<float> mixVolumes,
+            ReadOnlySpan<float> previousMixVolumes,
+            Memory<VoiceUpdateState> state,
+            uint bufferOffset,
+            uint bufferCount,
+            uint bufferIndex,
+            int nodeId)
         {
             if (bufferCount > Constants.VoiceChannelCountMax)
             {
-                _commandBuffer.GenerateMixRampGrouped(bufferCount,
+                _commandBuffer.GenerateMixRampGrouped(
+                    bufferCount,
                     bufferIndex,
                     bufferOffset,
                     previousMixVolumes,
@@ -188,7 +294,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
 
                     if (mixVolume != 0.0f || previousMixVolume != 0.0f)
                     {
-                        _commandBuffer.GenerateMixRamp(previousMixVolume,
+                        _commandBuffer.GenerateMixRamp(
+                            previousMixVolume,
                             mixVolume,
                             bufferIndex,
                             bufferOffset + (uint)i,
@@ -271,7 +378,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
                         GeneratePerformance(ref performanceEntry, PerformanceCommand.Type.Start, nodeId);
                     }
 
-                    _commandBuffer.GenerateVolumeRamp(voiceState.PreviousVolume,
+                    _commandBuffer.GenerateVolumeRamp(
+                        voiceState.PreviousVolume,
                         voiceState.Volume,
                         _rendererContext.MixBufferCount + (uint)channelIndex,
                         nodeId);
@@ -291,15 +399,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
 
                             while (true)
                             {
-                                Span<SplitterDestination> destinationSpan = _splitterContext.GetDestination((int)voiceState.SplitterId, destinationId);
+                                SplitterDestination destination = _splitterContext.GetDestination((int)voiceState.SplitterId, destinationId);
 
-                                if (destinationSpan.IsEmpty)
+                                if (destination.IsNull)
                                 {
                                     break;
                                 }
 
-                                ref SplitterDestination destination = ref destinationSpan[0];
-
                                 destinationId += (int)channelsCount;
 
                                 if (destination.IsConfigured())
@@ -310,13 +416,27 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
                                     {
                                         ref MixState mix = ref _mixContext.GetState(mixId);
 
-                                        GenerateVoiceMix(destination.MixBufferVolume,
+                                        if (destination.IsBiquadFilterEnabled())
+                                        {
+                                            GenerateVoiceMixWithSplitter(
+                                                destination,
+                                                dspStateMemory,
+                                                mix.BufferOffset,
+                                                mix.BufferCount,
+                                                _rendererContext.MixBufferCount + (uint)channelIndex,
+                                                nodeId);
+                                        }
+                                        else
+                                        {
+                                            GenerateVoiceMix(
+                                                destination.MixBufferVolume,
                                                 destination.PreviousMixBufferVolume,
                                                 dspStateMemory,
                                                 mix.BufferOffset,
                                                 mix.BufferCount,
                                                 _rendererContext.MixBufferCount + (uint)channelIndex,
                                                 nodeId);
+                                        }
 
                                         destination.MarkAsNeedToUpdateInternalState();
                                     }
@@ -337,7 +457,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
                             GeneratePerformance(ref performanceEntry, PerformanceCommand.Type.Start, nodeId);
                         }
 
-                        GenerateVoiceMix(channelResource.Mix.AsSpan(),
+                        GenerateVoiceMix(
+                            channelResource.Mix.AsSpan(),
                             channelResource.PreviousMix.AsSpan(),
                             dspStateMemory,
                             mix.BufferOffset,
@@ -409,7 +530,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
                 {
                     if (effect.Parameter.Volumes[i] != 0.0f)
                     {
-                        _commandBuffer.GenerateMix((uint)bufferOffset + effect.Parameter.Input[i],
+                        _commandBuffer.GenerateMix(
+                            (uint)bufferOffset + effect.Parameter.Input[i],
                             (uint)bufferOffset + effect.Parameter.Output[i],
                             nodeId,
                             effect.Parameter.Volumes[i]);
@@ -447,7 +569,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
                         updateCount = newUpdateCount;
                     }
 
-                    _commandBuffer.GenerateAuxEffect(bufferOffset,
+                    _commandBuffer.GenerateAuxEffect(
+                        bufferOffset,
                         effect.Parameter.Input[i],
                         effect.Parameter.Output[i],
                         ref effect.State,
@@ -512,7 +635,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
 
                 for (int i = 0; i < effect.Parameter.ChannelCount; i++)
                 {
-                    _commandBuffer.GenerateBiquadFilter((int)bufferOffset, ref parameter, effect.State.Slice(i, 1),
+                    _commandBuffer.GenerateBiquadFilter(
+                        (int)bufferOffset,
+                        ref parameter,
+                        effect.State.Slice(i, 1),
                         effect.Parameter.Input[i],
                         effect.Parameter.Output[i],
                         needInitialization,
@@ -591,7 +717,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
                         updateCount = newUpdateCount;
                     }
 
-                    _commandBuffer.GenerateCaptureEffect(bufferOffset,
+                    _commandBuffer.GenerateCaptureEffect(
+                        bufferOffset,
                         effect.Parameter.Input[i],
                         effect.State.SendBufferInfo,
                         effect.IsEnabled,
@@ -612,7 +739,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
         {
             Debug.Assert(effect.Type == EffectType.Compressor);
 
-            _commandBuffer.GenerateCompressorEffect(bufferOffset,
+            _commandBuffer.GenerateCompressorEffect(
+                bufferOffset,
                 effect.Parameter,
                 effect.State,
                 effect.IsEnabled,
@@ -629,8 +757,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
 
             bool performanceInitialized = false;
 
-            if (_performanceManager != null && _performanceManager.GetNextEntry(out performanceEntry, effect.GetPerformanceDetailType(),
-                                                isFinalMix ? PerformanceEntryType.FinalMix : PerformanceEntryType.SubMix, nodeId))
+            if (_performanceManager != null && _performanceManager.GetNextEntry(
+                out performanceEntry,
+                effect.GetPerformanceDetailType(),
+                isFinalMix ? PerformanceEntryType.FinalMix : PerformanceEntryType.SubMix,
+                nodeId))
             {
                 performanceInitialized = true;
 
@@ -706,6 +837,85 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
             }
         }
 
+        private void GenerateMixWithSplitter(
+            uint inputBufferIndex,
+            uint outputBufferIndex,
+            float volume,
+            SplitterDestination destination,
+            ref bool isFirstMixBuffer,
+            int nodeId)
+        {
+            ref BiquadFilterParameter bqf0 = ref destination.GetBiquadFilterParameter(0);
+            ref BiquadFilterParameter bqf1 = ref destination.GetBiquadFilterParameter(1);
+
+            Memory<BiquadFilterState> bqfState = _splitterContext.GetBiquadFilterState(destination);
+
+            if (bqf0.Enable && bqf1.Enable)
+            {
+                _commandBuffer.GenerateMultiTapBiquadFilterAndMix(
+                    0f,
+                    volume,
+                    inputBufferIndex,
+                    outputBufferIndex,
+                    0,
+                    Memory<VoiceUpdateState>.Empty,
+                    ref bqf0,
+                    ref bqf1,
+                    bqfState[..1],
+                    bqfState.Slice(1, 1),
+                    bqfState.Slice(2, 1),
+                    bqfState.Slice(3, 1),
+                    !destination.IsBiquadFilterEnabledPrev(),
+                    !destination.IsBiquadFilterEnabledPrev(),
+                    false,
+                    isFirstMixBuffer,
+                    nodeId);
+
+                destination.UpdateBiquadFilterEnabledPrev(0);
+                destination.UpdateBiquadFilterEnabledPrev(1);
+            }
+            else if (bqf0.Enable)
+            {
+                _commandBuffer.GenerateBiquadFilterAndMix(
+                    0f,
+                    volume,
+                    inputBufferIndex,
+                    outputBufferIndex,
+                    0,
+                    Memory<VoiceUpdateState>.Empty,
+                    ref bqf0,
+                    bqfState[..1],
+                    bqfState.Slice(1, 1),
+                    !destination.IsBiquadFilterEnabledPrev(),
+                    false,
+                    isFirstMixBuffer,
+                    nodeId);
+
+                destination.UpdateBiquadFilterEnabledPrev(0);
+            }
+            else if (bqf1.Enable)
+            {
+                _commandBuffer.GenerateBiquadFilterAndMix(
+                    0f,
+                    volume,
+                    inputBufferIndex,
+                    outputBufferIndex,
+                    0,
+                    Memory<VoiceUpdateState>.Empty,
+                    ref bqf1,
+                    bqfState[..1],
+                    bqfState.Slice(1, 1),
+                    !destination.IsBiquadFilterEnabledPrev(),
+                    false,
+                    isFirstMixBuffer,
+                    nodeId);
+
+                destination.UpdateBiquadFilterEnabledPrev(1);
+            }
+
+            isFirstMixBuffer = false;
+        }
+
         private void GenerateMix(ref MixState mix)
         {
             if (mix.HasAnyDestination())
@@ -722,15 +932,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
                         {
                             int destinationIndex = destinationId++;
 
-                            Span<SplitterDestination> destinationSpan = _splitterContext.GetDestination((int)mix.DestinationSplitterId, destinationIndex);
+                            SplitterDestination destination = _splitterContext.GetDestination((int)mix.DestinationSplitterId, destinationIndex);
 
-                            if (destinationSpan.IsEmpty)
+                            if (destination.IsNull)
                             {
                                 break;
                             }
 
-                            ref SplitterDestination destination = ref destinationSpan[0];
-
                             if (destination.IsConfigured())
                             {
                                 int mixId = destination.DestinationId;
@@ -741,13 +949,28 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
 
                                     uint inputBufferIndex = mix.BufferOffset + ((uint)destinationIndex % mix.BufferCount);
 
+                                    bool isFirstMixBuffer = true;
+
                                     for (uint bufferDestinationIndex = 0; bufferDestinationIndex < destinationMix.BufferCount; bufferDestinationIndex++)
                                     {
                                         float volume = mix.Volume * destination.GetMixVolume((int)bufferDestinationIndex);
 
                                         if (volume != 0.0f)
                                         {
-                                            _commandBuffer.GenerateMix(inputBufferIndex,
+                                            if (destination.IsBiquadFilterEnabled())
+                                            {
+                                                GenerateMixWithSplitter(
+                                                    inputBufferIndex,
+                                                    destinationMix.BufferOffset + bufferDestinationIndex,
+                                                    volume,
+                                                    destination,
+                                                    ref isFirstMixBuffer,
+                                                    mix.NodeId);
+                                            }
+                                            else
+                                            {
+                                                _commandBuffer.GenerateMix(
+                                                    inputBufferIndex,
                                                     destinationMix.BufferOffset + bufferDestinationIndex,
                                                     mix.NodeId,
                                                     volume);
@@ -758,6 +981,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
                             }
                         }
                     }
+                }
                 else
                 {
                     ref MixState destinationMix = ref _mixContext.GetState(mix.DestinationMixId);
@@ -770,7 +994,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
 
                             if (volume != 0.0f)
                             {
-                                _commandBuffer.GenerateMix(mix.BufferOffset + bufferIndex,
+                                _commandBuffer.GenerateMix(
+                                    mix.BufferOffset + bufferIndex,
                                     destinationMix.BufferOffset + bufferDestinationIndex,
                                     mix.NodeId,
                                     volume);
@@ -783,7 +1008,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
 
         private void GenerateSubMix(ref MixState subMix)
         {
-            _commandBuffer.GenerateDepopForMixBuffersCommand(_rendererContext.DepopBuffer,
+            _commandBuffer.GenerateDepopForMixBuffers(
+                _rendererContext.DepopBuffer,
                 subMix.BufferOffset,
                 subMix.BufferCount,
                 subMix.NodeId,
@@ -847,7 +1073,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
         {
             ref MixState finalMix = ref _mixContext.GetFinalState();
 
-            _commandBuffer.GenerateDepopForMixBuffersCommand(_rendererContext.DepopBuffer,
+            _commandBuffer.GenerateDepopForMixBuffers(
+                _rendererContext.DepopBuffer,
                 finalMix.BufferOffset,
                 finalMix.BufferCount,
                 finalMix.NodeId,
@@ -882,7 +1109,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
                         GeneratePerformance(ref performanceEntry, PerformanceCommand.Type.Start, nodeId);
                     }
 
-                    _commandBuffer.GenerateVolume(finalMix.Volume,
+                    _commandBuffer.GenerateVolume(
+                        finalMix.Volume,
                         finalMix.BufferOffset + bufferIndex,
                         nodeId);
 
@@ -938,7 +1166,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
 
             if (useCustomDownMixingCommand)
             {
-                _commandBuffer.GenerateDownMixSurroundToStereo(finalMix.BufferOffset,
+                _commandBuffer.GenerateDownMixSurroundToStereo(
+                    finalMix.BufferOffset,
                     sink.Parameter.Input.AsSpan(),
                     sink.Parameter.Input.AsSpan(),
                     sink.DownMixCoefficients,
@@ -947,7 +1176,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
             // NOTE: We do the downmixing at the DSP level as it's easier that way.
             else if (_rendererContext.ChannelCount == 2 && sink.Parameter.InputCount == 6)
             {
-                _commandBuffer.GenerateDownMixSurroundToStereo(finalMix.BufferOffset,
+                _commandBuffer.GenerateDownMixSurroundToStereo(
+                    finalMix.BufferOffset,
                     sink.Parameter.Input.AsSpan(),
                     sink.Parameter.Input.AsSpan(),
                     Constants.DefaultSurroundToStereoCoefficients,
@@ -958,7 +1188,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
 
             if (sink.UpsamplerState != null)
             {
-                _commandBuffer.GenerateUpsample(finalMix.BufferOffset,
+                _commandBuffer.GenerateUpsample(
+                    finalMix.BufferOffset,
                     sink.UpsamplerState,
                     sink.Parameter.InputCount,
                     sink.Parameter.Input.AsSpan(),
@@ -968,7 +1199,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
                     Constants.InvalidNodeId);
             }
 
-            _commandBuffer.GenerateDeviceSink(finalMix.BufferOffset,
+            _commandBuffer.GenerateDeviceSink(
+                finalMix.BufferOffset,
                 sink,
                 _rendererContext.SessionId,
                 commandList.Buffers,

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/CommandProcessingTimeEstimatorVersion1.cs

@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
             return 0;
         }
 
-        public uint Estimate(GroupedBiquadFilterCommand command)
+        public uint Estimate(MultiTapBiquadFilterCommand command)
         {
             return 0;
         }
@@ -184,5 +184,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
         {
             return 0;
         }
+
+        public uint Estimate(BiquadFilterAndMixCommand command)
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        public uint Estimate(MultiTapBiquadFilterAndMixCommand command)
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/CommandProcessingTimeEstimatorVersion2.cs

@@ -462,7 +462,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
             return 0;
         }
 
-        public uint Estimate(GroupedBiquadFilterCommand command)
+        public uint Estimate(MultiTapBiquadFilterCommand command)
         {
             return 0;
         }
@@ -476,5 +476,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
         {
             return 0;
         }
+
+        public uint Estimate(BiquadFilterAndMixCommand command)
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        public uint Estimate(MultiTapBiquadFilterAndMixCommand command)
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/CommandProcessingTimeEstimatorVersion3.cs

@@ -632,7 +632,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
             };
         }
 
-        public virtual uint Estimate(GroupedBiquadFilterCommand command)
+        public virtual uint Estimate(MultiTapBiquadFilterCommand command)
         {
             return 0;
         }
@@ -646,5 +646,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
         {
             return 0;
         }
+
+        public virtual uint Estimate(BiquadFilterAndMixCommand command)
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        public virtual uint Estimate(MultiTapBiquadFilterAndMixCommand command)
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/CommandProcessingTimeEstimatorVersion4.cs

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
     {
         public CommandProcessingTimeEstimatorVersion4(uint sampleCount, uint bufferCount) : base(sampleCount, bufferCount) { }
 
-        public override uint Estimate(GroupedBiquadFilterCommand command)
+        public override uint Estimate(MultiTapBiquadFilterCommand command)
         {
             Debug.Assert(SampleCount == 160 || SampleCount == 240);
 

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/CommandProcessingTimeEstimatorVersion5.cs

@@ -210,5 +210,53 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
                 _ => throw new NotImplementedException($"{command.Parameter.ChannelCount}"),
             };
         }
+
+        public override uint Estimate(BiquadFilterAndMixCommand command)
+        {
+            Debug.Assert(SampleCount == 160 || SampleCount == 240);
+
+            if (command.HasVolumeRamp)
+            {
+                if (SampleCount == 160)
+                {
+                    return 5204;
+                }
+
+                return 6683;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                if (SampleCount == 160)
+                {
+                    return 3427;
+                }
+
+                return 4752;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public override uint Estimate(MultiTapBiquadFilterAndMixCommand command)
+        {
+            Debug.Assert(SampleCount == 160 || SampleCount == 240);
+
+            if (command.HasVolumeRamp)
+            {
+                if (SampleCount == 160)
+                {
+                    return 7939;
+                }
+
+                return 10669;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                if (SampleCount == 160)
+                {
+                    return 6256;
+                }
+
+                return 8683;
+            }
+        }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/ICommandProcessingTimeEstimator.cs

@@ -33,8 +33,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
         uint Estimate(UpsampleCommand command);
         uint Estimate(LimiterCommandVersion1 command);
         uint Estimate(LimiterCommandVersion2 command);
-        uint Estimate(GroupedBiquadFilterCommand command);
+        uint Estimate(MultiTapBiquadFilterCommand command);
         uint Estimate(CaptureBufferCommand command);
         uint Estimate(CompressorCommand command);
+        uint Estimate(BiquadFilterAndMixCommand command);
+        uint Estimate(MultiTapBiquadFilterAndMixCommand command);
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/Mix/MixState.cs

@@ -225,11 +225,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Mix
 
                     for (int i = 0; i < splitter.DestinationCount; i++)
                     {
-                        Span<SplitterDestination> destination = splitter.GetData(i);
+                        SplitterDestination destination = splitter.GetData(i);
 
-                        if (!destination.IsEmpty)
+                        if (!destination.IsNull)
                         {
-                            int destinationMixId = destination[0].DestinationId;
+                            int destinationMixId = destination.DestinationId;
 
                             if (destinationMixId != UnusedMixId)
                             {

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/Splitter/SplitterContext.cs

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 using Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Common;
+using Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp.State;
 using Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Parameter;
 using Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Utils;
 using Ryujinx.Common;
@@ -15,15 +16,35 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
     /// </summary>
     public class SplitterContext
     {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Amount of biquad filter states per splitter destination.
+        /// </summary>
+        public const int BqfStatesPerDestination = 4;
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Storage for <see cref="SplitterState"/>.
         /// </summary>
         private Memory<SplitterState> _splitters;
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Storage for <see cref="SplitterDestination"/>.
+        /// Storage for <see cref="SplitterDestinationVersion1"/>.
         /// </summary>
-        private Memory<SplitterDestination> _splitterDestinations;
+        private Memory<SplitterDestinationVersion1> _splitterDestinationsV1;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Storage for <see cref="SplitterDestinationVersion2"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        private Memory<SplitterDestinationVersion2> _splitterDestinationsV2;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Splitter biquad filtering states.
+        /// </summary>
+        private Memory<BiquadFilterState> _splitterBqfStates;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Version of the splitter context that is being used, currently can be 1 or 2.
+        /// </summary>
+        public int Version { get; private set; }
 
         /// <summary>
         /// If set to true, trust the user destination count in <see cref="SplitterState.Update(SplitterContext, in SplitterInParameter, ref SequenceReader{byte})"/>.
@@ -36,12 +57,17 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
         /// <param name="behaviourContext">The behaviour context.</param>
         /// <param name="parameter">The audio renderer configuration.</param>
         /// <param name="workBufferAllocator">The <see cref="WorkBufferAllocator"/>.</param>
+        /// <param name="splitterBqfStates">Memory to store the biquad filtering state for splitters during processing.</param>
         /// <returns>Return true if the initialization was successful.</returns>
-        public bool Initialize(ref BehaviourContext behaviourContext, ref AudioRendererConfiguration parameter, WorkBufferAllocator workBufferAllocator)
+        public bool Initialize(
+            ref BehaviourContext behaviourContext,
+            ref AudioRendererConfiguration parameter,
+            WorkBufferAllocator workBufferAllocator,
+            Memory<BiquadFilterState> splitterBqfStates)
         {
             if (!behaviourContext.IsSplitterSupported() || parameter.SplitterCount <= 0 || parameter.SplitterDestinationCount <= 0)
             {
-                Setup(Memory<SplitterState>.Empty, Memory<SplitterDestination>.Empty, false);
+                Setup(Memory<SplitterState>.Empty, Memory<SplitterDestinationVersion1>.Empty, Memory<SplitterDestinationVersion2>.Empty, false);
 
                 return true;
             }
@@ -60,23 +86,62 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
                 splitter = new SplitterState(splitterId++);
             }
 
-            Memory<SplitterDestination> splitterDestinations = workBufferAllocator.Allocate<SplitterDestination>(parameter.SplitterDestinationCount,
-                SplitterDestination.Alignment);
+            Memory<SplitterDestinationVersion1> splitterDestinationsV1 = Memory<SplitterDestinationVersion1>.Empty;
+            Memory<SplitterDestinationVersion2> splitterDestinationsV2 = Memory<SplitterDestinationVersion2>.Empty;
 
-            if (splitterDestinations.IsEmpty)
+            if (!behaviourContext.IsBiquadFilterParameterForSplitterEnabled())
+            {
+                Version = 1;
+
+                splitterDestinationsV1 = workBufferAllocator.Allocate<SplitterDestinationVersion1>(parameter.SplitterDestinationCount,
+                    SplitterDestinationVersion1.Alignment);
+
+                if (splitterDestinationsV1.IsEmpty)
                 {
                     return false;
                 }
 
                 int splitterDestinationId = 0;
-            foreach (ref SplitterDestination data in splitterDestinations.Span)
+                foreach (ref SplitterDestinationVersion1 data in splitterDestinationsV1.Span)
                 {
-                data = new SplitterDestination(splitterDestinationId++);
+                    data = new SplitterDestinationVersion1(splitterDestinationId++);
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                Version = 2;
+
+                splitterDestinationsV2 = workBufferAllocator.Allocate<SplitterDestinationVersion2>(parameter.SplitterDestinationCount,
+                    SplitterDestinationVersion2.Alignment);
+
+                if (splitterDestinationsV2.IsEmpty)
+                {
+                    return false;
+                }
+
+                int splitterDestinationId = 0;
+                foreach (ref SplitterDestinationVersion2 data in splitterDestinationsV2.Span)
+                {
+                    data = new SplitterDestinationVersion2(splitterDestinationId++);
+                }
+
+                if (parameter.SplitterDestinationCount > 0)
+                {
+                    // Official code stores it in the SplitterDestinationVersion2 struct,
+                    // but we don't to avoid using unsafe code.
+
+                    splitterBqfStates.Span.Clear();
+                    _splitterBqfStates = splitterBqfStates;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    _splitterBqfStates = Memory<BiquadFilterState>.Empty;
+                }
             }
 
             SplitterState.InitializeSplitters(splitters.Span);
 
-            Setup(splitters, splitterDestinations, behaviourContext.IsSplitterBugFixed());
+            Setup(splitters, splitterDestinationsV1, splitterDestinationsV2, behaviourContext.IsSplitterBugFixed());
 
             return true;
         }
@@ -93,7 +158,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
             if (behaviourContext.IsSplitterSupported())
             {
                 size = WorkBufferAllocator.GetTargetSize<SplitterState>(size, parameter.SplitterCount, SplitterState.Alignment);
-                size = WorkBufferAllocator.GetTargetSize<SplitterDestination>(size, parameter.SplitterDestinationCount, SplitterDestination.Alignment);
+
+                if (behaviourContext.IsBiquadFilterParameterForSplitterEnabled())
+                {
+                    size = WorkBufferAllocator.GetTargetSize<SplitterDestinationVersion2>(size, parameter.SplitterDestinationCount, SplitterDestinationVersion2.Alignment);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    size = WorkBufferAllocator.GetTargetSize<SplitterDestinationVersion1>(size, parameter.SplitterDestinationCount, SplitterDestinationVersion1.Alignment);
+                }
 
                 if (behaviourContext.IsSplitterBugFixed())
                 {
@@ -110,12 +183,18 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
         /// Setup the <see cref="SplitterContext"/> instance.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="splitters">The <see cref="SplitterState"/> storage.</param>
-        /// <param name="splitterDestinations">The <see cref="SplitterDestination"/> storage.</param>
+        /// <param name="splitterDestinationsV1">The <see cref="SplitterDestinationVersion1"/> storage.</param>
+        /// <param name="splitterDestinationsV2">The <see cref="SplitterDestinationVersion2"/> storage.</param>
         /// <param name="isBugFixed">If set to true, trust the user destination count in <see cref="SplitterState.Update(SplitterContext, in SplitterInParameter, ref SequenceReader{byte})"/>.</param>
-        private void Setup(Memory<SplitterState> splitters, Memory<SplitterDestination> splitterDestinations, bool isBugFixed)
+        private void Setup(
+            Memory<SplitterState> splitters,
+            Memory<SplitterDestinationVersion1> splitterDestinationsV1,
+            Memory<SplitterDestinationVersion2> splitterDestinationsV2,
+            bool isBugFixed)
         {
             _splitters = splitters;
-            _splitterDestinations = splitterDestinations;
+            _splitterDestinationsV1 = splitterDestinationsV1;
+            _splitterDestinationsV2 = splitterDestinationsV2;
             IsBugFixed = isBugFixed;
         }
 
@@ -141,7 +220,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
                 return 0;
             }
 
-            return _splitterDestinations.Length / _splitters.Length;
+            int length = _splitterDestinationsV2.IsEmpty ? _splitterDestinationsV1.Length : _splitterDestinationsV2.Length;
+
+            return length / _splitters.Length;
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -178,7 +259,39 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
         }
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Update one or multiple <see cref="SplitterDestination"/> from user parameters.
+        /// Update one splitter destination data from user parameters.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="input">The raw data after the splitter header.</param>
+        /// <returns>True if the update was successful, false otherwise</returns>
+        private bool UpdateData<T>(ref SequenceReader<byte> input) where T : unmanaged, ISplitterDestinationInParameter
+        {
+            ref readonly T parameter = ref input.GetRefOrRefToCopy<T>(out _);
+
+            Debug.Assert(parameter.IsMagicValid());
+
+            if (parameter.IsMagicValid())
+            {
+                int length = _splitterDestinationsV2.IsEmpty ? _splitterDestinationsV1.Length : _splitterDestinationsV2.Length;
+
+                if (parameter.Id >= 0 && parameter.Id < length)
+                {
+                    SplitterDestination destination = GetDestination(parameter.Id);
+
+                    destination.Update(parameter);
+                }
+
+                return true;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                input.Rewind(Unsafe.SizeOf<T>());
+
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Update one or multiple splitter destination data from user parameters.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="inputHeader">The splitter header.</param>
         /// <param name="input">The raw data after the splitter header.</param>
@@ -186,23 +299,23 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
         {
             for (int i = 0; i < inputHeader.SplitterDestinationCount; i++)
             {
-                ref readonly SplitterDestinationInParameter parameter = ref input.GetRefOrRefToCopy<SplitterDestinationInParameter>(out _);
-
-                Debug.Assert(parameter.IsMagicValid());
-
-                if (parameter.IsMagicValid())
+                if (Version == 1)
                 {
-                    if (parameter.Id >= 0 && parameter.Id < _splitterDestinations.Length)
+                    if (!UpdateData<SplitterDestinationInParameterVersion1>(ref input))
                     {
-                        ref SplitterDestination destination = ref GetDestination(parameter.Id);
-
-                        destination.Update(parameter);
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+                else if (Version == 2)
+                {
+                    if (!UpdateData<SplitterDestinationInParameterVersion2>(ref input))
+                    {
+                        break;
                     }
                 }
                 else
                 {
-                    input.Rewind(Unsafe.SizeOf<SplitterDestinationInParameter>());
-                    break;
+                    Debug.Fail($"Invalid splitter context version {Version}.");
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -214,7 +327,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
         /// <returns>Return true if the update was successful.</returns>
         public bool Update(ref SequenceReader<byte> input)
         {
-            if (_splitterDestinations.IsEmpty || _splitters.IsEmpty)
+            if (!UsingSplitter())
             {
                 return true;
             }
@@ -251,45 +364,52 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
         }
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Get a reference to a <see cref="SplitterDestination"/> at the given <paramref name="id"/>.
+        /// Get a reference to the splitter destination data at the given <paramref name="id"/>.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="id">The index to use.</param>
-        /// <returns>A reference to a <see cref="SplitterDestination"/> at the given <paramref name="id"/>.</returns>
-        public ref SplitterDestination GetDestination(int id)
+        /// <returns>A reference to the splitter destination data at the given <paramref name="id"/>.</returns>
+        public SplitterDestination GetDestination(int id)
         {
-            return ref SpanIOHelper.GetFromMemory(_splitterDestinations, id, (uint)_splitterDestinations.Length);
+            if (_splitterDestinationsV2.IsEmpty)
+            {
+                return new SplitterDestination(ref SpanIOHelper.GetFromMemory(_splitterDestinationsV1, id, (uint)_splitterDestinationsV1.Length));
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                return new SplitterDestination(ref SpanIOHelper.GetFromMemory(_splitterDestinationsV2, id, (uint)_splitterDestinationsV2.Length));
+            }
         }
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Get a <see cref="Memory{SplitterDestination}"/> at the given <paramref name="id"/>.
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="id">The index to use.</param>
-        /// <returns>A <see cref="Memory{SplitterDestination}"/> at the given <paramref name="id"/>.</returns>
-        public Memory<SplitterDestination> GetDestinationMemory(int id)
-        {
-            return SpanIOHelper.GetMemory(_splitterDestinations, id, (uint)_splitterDestinations.Length);
-        }
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Get a <see cref="Span{SplitterDestination}"/> in the <see cref="SplitterState"/> at <paramref name="id"/> and pass <paramref name="destinationId"/> to <see cref="SplitterState.GetData(int)"/>.
+        /// Get a <see cref="SplitterDestination"/> in the <see cref="SplitterState"/> at <paramref name="id"/> and pass <paramref name="destinationId"/> to <see cref="SplitterState.GetData(int)"/>.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="id">The index to use to get the <see cref="SplitterState"/>.</param>
         /// <param name="destinationId">The index of the <see cref="SplitterDestination"/>.</param>
-        /// <returns>A <see cref="Span{SplitterDestination}"/>.</returns>
-        public Span<SplitterDestination> GetDestination(int id, int destinationId)
+        /// <returns>A <see cref="SplitterDestination"/>.</returns>
+        public SplitterDestination GetDestination(int id, int destinationId)
         {
             ref SplitterState splitter = ref GetState(id);
 
             return splitter.GetData(destinationId);
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the biquad filter state for a given splitter destination.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="destination">The splitter destination.</param>
+        /// <returns>Biquad filter state for the specified destination.</returns>
+        public Memory<BiquadFilterState> GetBiquadFilterState(SplitterDestination destination)
+        {
+            return _splitterBqfStates.Slice(destination.Id * BqfStatesPerDestination, BqfStatesPerDestination);
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Return true if the audio renderer has any splitters.
         /// </summary>
         /// <returns>True if the audio renderer has any splitters.</returns>
         public bool UsingSplitter()
         {
-            return !_splitters.IsEmpty && !_splitterDestinations.IsEmpty;
+            return !_splitters.IsEmpty && (!_splitterDestinationsV1.IsEmpty || !_splitterDestinationsV2.IsEmpty);
         }
 
         /// <summary>

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/Splitter/SplitterDestination.cs

@@ -1,115 +1,198 @@
 using Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Parameter;
-using Ryujinx.Common.Utilities;
 using System;
 using System.Diagnostics;
-using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
 {
     /// <summary>
     /// Server state for a splitter destination.
     /// </summary>
-    [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, Size = 0xE0, Pack = Alignment)]
-    public struct SplitterDestination
+    public ref struct SplitterDestination
     {
-        public const int Alignment = 0x10;
+        private ref SplitterDestinationVersion1 _v1;
+        private ref SplitterDestinationVersion2 _v2;
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// The unique id of this <see cref="SplitterDestination"/>.
+        /// Checks if the splitter destination data reference is null.
         /// </summary>
-        public int Id;
+        public bool IsNull => Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref _v1) && Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref _v2);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The splitter unique id.
+        /// </summary>
+        public int Id
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                if (Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref _v2))
+                {
+                    if (Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref _v1))
+                    {
+                        return 0;
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        return _v1.Id;
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    return _v2.Id;
+                }
+            }
+        }
 
         /// <summary>
         /// The mix to output the result of the splitter.
         /// </summary>
-        public int DestinationId;
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Mix buffer volumes storage.
-        /// </summary>
-        private MixArray _mix;
-        private MixArray _previousMix;
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Pointer to the next linked element.
-        /// </summary>
-        private unsafe SplitterDestination* _next;
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Set to true if in use.
-        /// </summary>
-        [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.I1)]
-        public bool IsUsed;
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Set to true if the internal state need to be updated.
-        /// </summary>
-        [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.I1)]
-        public bool NeedToUpdateInternalState;
-
-        [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, Size = 4 * Constants.MixBufferCountMax, Pack = 1)]
-        private struct MixArray { }
+        public int DestinationId
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                if (Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref _v2))
+                {
+                    if (Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref _v1))
+                    {
+                        return 0;
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        return _v1.DestinationId;
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    return _v2.DestinationId;
+                }
+            }
+        }
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Mix buffer volumes.
         /// </summary>
         /// <remarks>Used when a splitter id is specified in the mix.</remarks>
-        public Span<float> MixBufferVolume => SpanHelpers.AsSpan<MixArray, float>(ref _mix);
+        public Span<float> MixBufferVolume
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                if (Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref _v2))
+                {
+                    if (Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref _v1))
+                    {
+                        return Span<float>.Empty;
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        return _v1.MixBufferVolume;
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    return _v2.MixBufferVolume;
+                }
+            }
+        }
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Previous mix buffer volumes.
         /// </summary>
         /// <remarks>Used when a splitter id is specified in the mix.</remarks>
-        public Span<float> PreviousMixBufferVolume => SpanHelpers.AsSpan<MixArray, float>(ref _previousMix);
+        public Span<float> PreviousMixBufferVolume
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                if (Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref _v2))
+                {
+                    if (Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref _v1))
+                    {
+                        return Span<float>.Empty;
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        return _v1.PreviousMixBufferVolume;
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    return _v2.PreviousMixBufferVolume;
+                }
+            }
+        }
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Get the  <see cref="Span{SplitterDestination}"/> of the next element or <see cref="Span{SplitterDestination}.Empty"/> if not present.
+        /// Get the <see cref="SplitterDestination"/> of the next element or null if not present.
         /// </summary>
-        public readonly Span<SplitterDestination> Next
+        public readonly SplitterDestination Next
         {
             get
             {
                 unsafe
                 {
-                    return _next != null ? new Span<SplitterDestination>(_next, 1) : Span<SplitterDestination>.Empty;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Create a new <see cref="SplitterDestination"/>.
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="id">The unique id of this <see cref="SplitterDestination"/>.</param>
-        public SplitterDestination(int id) : this()
+                    if (Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref _v2))
                     {
-            Id = id;
-            DestinationId = Constants.UnusedMixId;
-
-            ClearVolumes();
+                        if (Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref _v1))
+                        {
+                            return new SplitterDestination();
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            return new SplitterDestination(ref _v1.Next);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        return new SplitterDestination(ref _v2.Next);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
         }
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Update the <see cref="SplitterDestination"/> from user parameter.
+        /// Creates a new splitter destination wrapper for the version 1 splitter destination data.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="v1">Version 1 splitter destination data</param>
+        public SplitterDestination(ref SplitterDestinationVersion1 v1)
+        {
+            _v1 = ref v1;
+            _v2 = ref Unsafe.NullRef<SplitterDestinationVersion2>();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new splitter destination wrapper for the version 2 splitter destination data.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="v2">Version 2 splitter destination data</param>
+        public SplitterDestination(ref SplitterDestinationVersion2 v2)
+        {
+
+            _v1 = ref Unsafe.NullRef<SplitterDestinationVersion1>();
+            _v2 = ref v2;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new splitter destination wrapper for the splitter destination data.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="v1">Version 1 splitter destination data</param>
+        /// <param name="v2">Version 2 splitter destination data</param>
+        public unsafe SplitterDestination(SplitterDestinationVersion1* v1, SplitterDestinationVersion2* v2)
+        {
+            _v1 = ref Unsafe.AsRef<SplitterDestinationVersion1>(v1);
+            _v2 = ref Unsafe.AsRef<SplitterDestinationVersion2>(v2);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Update the splitter destination data from user parameter.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="parameter">The user parameter.</param>
-        public void Update(SplitterDestinationInParameter parameter)
+        public void Update<T>(in T parameter) where T : ISplitterDestinationInParameter
         {
-            Debug.Assert(Id == parameter.Id);
-
-            if (parameter.IsMagicValid() && Id == parameter.Id)
+            if (Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref _v2))
             {
-                DestinationId = parameter.DestinationId;
-
-                parameter.MixBufferVolume.CopyTo(MixBufferVolume);
-
-                if (!IsUsed && parameter.IsUsed)
-                {
-                    MixBufferVolume.CopyTo(PreviousMixBufferVolume);
-
-                    NeedToUpdateInternalState = false;
+                _v1.Update(parameter);
             }
-
-                IsUsed = parameter.IsUsed;
+            else
+            {
+                _v2.Update(parameter);
             }
         }
 
@@ -118,12 +201,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
         /// </summary>
         public void UpdateInternalState()
         {
-            if (IsUsed && NeedToUpdateInternalState)
+            if (Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref _v2))
             {
-                MixBufferVolume.CopyTo(PreviousMixBufferVolume);
+                _v1.UpdateInternalState();
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                _v2.UpdateInternalState();
             }
-
-            NeedToUpdateInternalState = false;
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -131,16 +216,23 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
         /// </summary>
         public void MarkAsNeedToUpdateInternalState()
         {
-            NeedToUpdateInternalState = true;
+            if (Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref _v2))
+            {
+                _v1.MarkAsNeedToUpdateInternalState();
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                _v2.MarkAsNeedToUpdateInternalState();
+            }
         }
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Return true if the <see cref="SplitterDestination"/> is used and has a destination.
+        /// Return true if the splitter destination is used and has a destination.
         /// </summary>
-        /// <returns>True if the <see cref="SplitterDestination"/> is used and has a destination.</returns>
+        /// <returns>True if the splitter destination is used and has a destination.</returns>
         public readonly bool IsConfigured()
         {
-            return IsUsed && DestinationId != Constants.UnusedMixId;
+            return Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref _v2) ? _v1.IsConfigured() : _v2.IsConfigured();
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -150,9 +242,17 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
         /// <returns>The volume for the given destination.</returns>
         public float GetMixVolume(int destinationIndex)
         {
-            Debug.Assert(destinationIndex >= 0 && destinationIndex < Constants.MixBufferCountMax);
+            return Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref _v2) ? _v1.GetMixVolume(destinationIndex) : _v2.GetMixVolume(destinationIndex);
+        }
 
-            return MixBufferVolume[destinationIndex];
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the previous volume for a given destination.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="destinationIndex">The destination index to use.</param>
+        /// <returns>The volume for the given destination.</returns>
+        public float GetMixVolumePrev(int destinationIndex)
+        {
+            return Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref _v2) ? _v1.GetMixVolumePrev(destinationIndex) : _v2.GetMixVolumePrev(destinationIndex);
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -160,22 +260,33 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
         /// </summary>
         public void ClearVolumes()
         {
-            MixBufferVolume.Clear();
-            PreviousMixBufferVolume.Clear();
+            if (Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref _v2))
+            {
+                _v1.ClearVolumes();
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                _v2.ClearVolumes();
+            }
         }
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Link the next element to the given <see cref="SplitterDestination"/>.
+        /// Link the next element to the given splitter destination.
         /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="next">The given <see cref="SplitterDestination"/> to link.</param>
-        public void Link(ref SplitterDestination next)
+        /// <param name="next">The given splitter destination to link.</param>
+        public void Link(SplitterDestination next)
         {
-            unsafe
+            if (Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref _v2))
             {
-                fixed (SplitterDestination* nextPtr = &next)
-                {
-                    _next = nextPtr;
+                Debug.Assert(!Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref next._v1));
+
+                _v1.Link(ref next._v1);
             }
+            else
+            {
+                Debug.Assert(!Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref next._v2));
+
+                _v2.Link(ref next._v2);
             }
         }
 
@@ -184,10 +295,74 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
         /// </summary>
         public void Unlink()
         {
-            unsafe
+            if (Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref _v2))
             {
-                _next = null;
-            }
+                _v1.Unlink();
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                _v2.Unlink();
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks if any biquad filter is enabled.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>True if any biquad filter is enabled.</returns>
+        public bool IsBiquadFilterEnabled()
+        {
+            return !Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref _v2) && _v2.IsBiquadFilterEnabled();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks if any biquad filter was previously enabled.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>True if any biquad filter was previously enabled.</returns>
+        public bool IsBiquadFilterEnabledPrev()
+        {
+            return !Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref _v2) && _v2.IsBiquadFilterEnabledPrev();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the biquad filter parameters.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="index">Biquad filter index (0 or 1).</param>
+        /// <returns>Biquad filter parameters.</returns>
+        public ref BiquadFilterParameter GetBiquadFilterParameter(int index)
+        {
+            Debug.Assert(!Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref _v2));
+
+            return ref _v2.GetBiquadFilterParameter(index);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks if any biquad filter was previously enabled.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="index">Biquad filter index (0 or 1).</param>
+        public void UpdateBiquadFilterEnabledPrev(int index)
+        {
+            if (!Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref _v2))
+            {
+                _v2.UpdateBiquadFilterEnabledPrev(index);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the reference for the version 1 splitter destination data, or null if version 2 is being used or the destination is null.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Reference for the version 1 splitter destination data.</returns>
+        public ref SplitterDestinationVersion1 GetV1RefOrNull()
+        {
+            return ref _v1;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the reference for the version 2 splitter destination data, or null if version 1 is being used or the destination is null.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Reference for the version 2 splitter destination data.</returns>
+        public ref SplitterDestinationVersion2 GetV2RefOrNull()
+        {
+            return ref _v2;
         }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/Splitter/SplitterDestinationVersion1.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,206 @@
+using Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Parameter;
+using Ryujinx.Common.Utilities;
+using System;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Server state for a splitter destination (version 1).
+    /// </summary>
+    [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, Size = 0xE0, Pack = Alignment)]
+    public struct SplitterDestinationVersion1
+    {
+        public const int Alignment = 0x10;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The unique id of this <see cref="SplitterDestinationVersion1"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        public int Id;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The mix to output the result of the splitter.
+        /// </summary>
+        public int DestinationId;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Mix buffer volumes storage.
+        /// </summary>
+        private MixArray _mix;
+        private MixArray _previousMix;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Pointer to the next linked element.
+        /// </summary>
+        private unsafe SplitterDestinationVersion1* _next;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Set to true if in use.
+        /// </summary>
+        [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.I1)]
+        public bool IsUsed;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Set to true if the internal state need to be updated.
+        /// </summary>
+        [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.I1)]
+        public bool NeedToUpdateInternalState;
+
+        [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, Size = sizeof(float) * Constants.MixBufferCountMax, Pack = 1)]
+        private struct MixArray { }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Mix buffer volumes.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>Used when a splitter id is specified in the mix.</remarks>
+        public Span<float> MixBufferVolume => SpanHelpers.AsSpan<MixArray, float>(ref _mix);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Previous mix buffer volumes.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>Used when a splitter id is specified in the mix.</remarks>
+        public Span<float> PreviousMixBufferVolume => SpanHelpers.AsSpan<MixArray, float>(ref _previousMix);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the reference of the next element or null if not present.
+        /// </summary>
+        public readonly ref SplitterDestinationVersion1 Next
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                unsafe
+                {
+                    return ref Unsafe.AsRef<SplitterDestinationVersion1>(_next);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Create a new <see cref="SplitterDestinationVersion1"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="id">The unique id of this <see cref="SplitterDestinationVersion1"/>.</param>
+        public SplitterDestinationVersion1(int id) : this()
+        {
+            Id = id;
+            DestinationId = Constants.UnusedMixId;
+
+            ClearVolumes();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Update the <see cref="SplitterDestinationVersion1"/> from user parameter.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="parameter">The user parameter.</param>
+        public void Update<T>(in T parameter) where T : ISplitterDestinationInParameter
+        {
+            Debug.Assert(Id == parameter.Id);
+
+            if (parameter.IsMagicValid() && Id == parameter.Id)
+            {
+                DestinationId = parameter.DestinationId;
+
+                parameter.MixBufferVolume.CopyTo(MixBufferVolume);
+
+                if (!IsUsed && parameter.IsUsed)
+                {
+                    MixBufferVolume.CopyTo(PreviousMixBufferVolume);
+
+                    NeedToUpdateInternalState = false;
+                }
+
+                IsUsed = parameter.IsUsed;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Update the internal state of the instance.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void UpdateInternalState()
+        {
+            if (IsUsed && NeedToUpdateInternalState)
+            {
+                MixBufferVolume.CopyTo(PreviousMixBufferVolume);
+            }
+
+            NeedToUpdateInternalState = false;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Set the update internal state marker.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void MarkAsNeedToUpdateInternalState()
+        {
+            NeedToUpdateInternalState = true;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Return true if the <see cref="SplitterDestinationVersion1"/> is used and has a destination.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>True if the <see cref="SplitterDestinationVersion1"/> is used and has a destination.</returns>
+        public readonly bool IsConfigured()
+        {
+            return IsUsed && DestinationId != Constants.UnusedMixId;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the volume for a given destination.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="destinationIndex">The destination index to use.</param>
+        /// <returns>The volume for the given destination.</returns>
+        public float GetMixVolume(int destinationIndex)
+        {
+            Debug.Assert(destinationIndex >= 0 && destinationIndex < Constants.MixBufferCountMax);
+
+            return MixBufferVolume[destinationIndex];
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the previous volume for a given destination.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="destinationIndex">The destination index to use.</param>
+        /// <returns>The volume for the given destination.</returns>
+        public float GetMixVolumePrev(int destinationIndex)
+        {
+            Debug.Assert(destinationIndex >= 0 && destinationIndex < Constants.MixBufferCountMax);
+
+            return PreviousMixBufferVolume[destinationIndex];
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Clear the volumes.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void ClearVolumes()
+        {
+            MixBufferVolume.Clear();
+            PreviousMixBufferVolume.Clear();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Link the next element to the given <see cref="SplitterDestinationVersion1"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="next">The given <see cref="SplitterDestinationVersion1"/> to link.</param>
+        public void Link(ref SplitterDestinationVersion1 next)
+        {
+            unsafe
+            {
+                fixed (SplitterDestinationVersion1* nextPtr = &next)
+                {
+                    _next = nextPtr;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Remove the link to the next element.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void Unlink()
+        {
+            unsafe
+            {
+                _next = null;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/Splitter/SplitterDestinationVersion2.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,250 @@
+using Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Parameter;
+using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
+using Ryujinx.Common.Utilities;
+using System;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Server state for a splitter destination (version 2).
+    /// </summary>
+    [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, Size = 0x110, Pack = Alignment)]
+    public struct SplitterDestinationVersion2
+    {
+        public const int Alignment = 0x10;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The unique id of this <see cref="SplitterDestinationVersion2"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        public int Id;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The mix to output the result of the splitter.
+        /// </summary>
+        public int DestinationId;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Mix buffer volumes storage.
+        /// </summary>
+        private MixArray _mix;
+        private MixArray _previousMix;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Pointer to the next linked element.
+        /// </summary>
+        private unsafe SplitterDestinationVersion2* _next;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Set to true if in use.
+        /// </summary>
+        [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.I1)]
+        public bool IsUsed;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Set to true if the internal state need to be updated.
+        /// </summary>
+        [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.I1)]
+        public bool NeedToUpdateInternalState;
+
+        [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, Size = sizeof(float) * Constants.MixBufferCountMax, Pack = 1)]
+        private struct MixArray { }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Mix buffer volumes.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>Used when a splitter id is specified in the mix.</remarks>
+        public Span<float> MixBufferVolume => SpanHelpers.AsSpan<MixArray, float>(ref _mix);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Previous mix buffer volumes.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>Used when a splitter id is specified in the mix.</remarks>
+        public Span<float> PreviousMixBufferVolume => SpanHelpers.AsSpan<MixArray, float>(ref _previousMix);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the reference of the next element or null if not present.
+        /// </summary>
+        public readonly ref SplitterDestinationVersion2 Next
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                unsafe
+                {
+                    return ref Unsafe.AsRef<SplitterDestinationVersion2>(_next);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private Array2<BiquadFilterParameter> _biquadFilters;
+
+        private Array2<bool> _isPreviousBiquadFilterEnabled;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Create a new <see cref="SplitterDestinationVersion2"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="id">The unique id of this <see cref="SplitterDestinationVersion2"/>.</param>
+        public SplitterDestinationVersion2(int id) : this()
+        {
+            Id = id;
+            DestinationId = Constants.UnusedMixId;
+
+            ClearVolumes();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Update the <see cref="SplitterDestinationVersion2"/> from user parameter.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="parameter">The user parameter.</param>
+        public void Update<T>(in T parameter) where T : ISplitterDestinationInParameter
+        {
+            Debug.Assert(Id == parameter.Id);
+
+            if (parameter.IsMagicValid() && Id == parameter.Id)
+            {
+                DestinationId = parameter.DestinationId;
+
+                parameter.MixBufferVolume.CopyTo(MixBufferVolume);
+
+                _biquadFilters = parameter.BiquadFilters;
+
+                if (!IsUsed && parameter.IsUsed)
+                {
+                    MixBufferVolume.CopyTo(PreviousMixBufferVolume);
+
+                    NeedToUpdateInternalState = false;
+                }
+
+                IsUsed = parameter.IsUsed;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Update the internal state of the instance.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void UpdateInternalState()
+        {
+            if (IsUsed && NeedToUpdateInternalState)
+            {
+                MixBufferVolume.CopyTo(PreviousMixBufferVolume);
+            }
+
+            NeedToUpdateInternalState = false;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Set the update internal state marker.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void MarkAsNeedToUpdateInternalState()
+        {
+            NeedToUpdateInternalState = true;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Return true if the <see cref="SplitterDestinationVersion2"/> is used and has a destination.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>True if the <see cref="SplitterDestinationVersion2"/> is used and has a destination.</returns>
+        public readonly bool IsConfigured()
+        {
+            return IsUsed && DestinationId != Constants.UnusedMixId;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the volume for a given destination.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="destinationIndex">The destination index to use.</param>
+        /// <returns>The volume for the given destination.</returns>
+        public float GetMixVolume(int destinationIndex)
+        {
+            Debug.Assert(destinationIndex >= 0 && destinationIndex < Constants.MixBufferCountMax);
+
+            return MixBufferVolume[destinationIndex];
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the previous volume for a given destination.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="destinationIndex">The destination index to use.</param>
+        /// <returns>The volume for the given destination.</returns>
+        public float GetMixVolumePrev(int destinationIndex)
+        {
+            Debug.Assert(destinationIndex >= 0 && destinationIndex < Constants.MixBufferCountMax);
+
+            return PreviousMixBufferVolume[destinationIndex];
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Clear the volumes.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void ClearVolumes()
+        {
+            MixBufferVolume.Clear();
+            PreviousMixBufferVolume.Clear();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Link the next element to the given <see cref="SplitterDestinationVersion2"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="next">The given <see cref="SplitterDestinationVersion2"/> to link.</param>
+        public void Link(ref SplitterDestinationVersion2 next)
+        {
+            unsafe
+            {
+                fixed (SplitterDestinationVersion2* nextPtr = &next)
+                {
+                    _next = nextPtr;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Remove the link to the next element.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void Unlink()
+        {
+            unsafe
+            {
+                _next = null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks if any biquad filter is enabled.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>True if any biquad filter is enabled.</returns>
+        public bool IsBiquadFilterEnabled()
+        {
+            return _biquadFilters[0].Enable || _biquadFilters[1].Enable;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks if any biquad filter was previously enabled.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>True if any biquad filter was previously enabled.</returns>
+        public bool IsBiquadFilterEnabledPrev()
+        {
+            return _isPreviousBiquadFilterEnabled[0];
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the biquad filter parameters.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="index">Biquad filter index (0 or 1).</param>
+        /// <returns>Biquad filter parameters.</returns>
+        public ref BiquadFilterParameter GetBiquadFilterParameter(int index)
+        {
+            return ref _biquadFilters[index];
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks if any biquad filter was previously enabled.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="index">Biquad filter index (0 or 1).</param>
+        public void UpdateBiquadFilterEnabledPrev(int index)
+        {
+            _isPreviousBiquadFilterEnabled[index] = _biquadFilters[index].Enable;
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/Splitter/SplitterState.cs

@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
     {
         public const int Alignment = 0x10;
 
+        private delegate void SplitterDestinationAction(SplitterDestination destination, int index);
+
         /// <summary>
         /// The unique id of this <see cref="SplitterState"/>.
         /// </summary>
@@ -26,7 +28,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
         public uint SampleRate;
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Count of splitter destinations (<see cref="SplitterDestination"/>).
+        /// Count of splitter destinations.
         /// </summary>
         public int DestinationCount;
 
@@ -37,20 +39,25 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
         public bool HasNewConnection;
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Linked list of <see cref="SplitterDestination"/>.
+        /// Linked list of <see cref="SplitterDestinationVersion1"/>.
         /// </summary>
-        private unsafe SplitterDestination* _destinationsData;
+        private unsafe SplitterDestinationVersion1* _destinationDataV1;
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Span to the first element of the linked list of <see cref="SplitterDestination"/>.
+        /// Linked list of <see cref="SplitterDestinationVersion2"/>.
         /// </summary>
-        public readonly Span<SplitterDestination> Destinations
+        private unsafe SplitterDestinationVersion2* _destinationDataV2;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// First element of the linked list of splitter destinations data.
+        /// </summary>
+        public readonly SplitterDestination Destination
         {
             get
             {
                 unsafe
                 {
-                    return (IntPtr)_destinationsData != IntPtr.Zero ? new Span<SplitterDestination>(_destinationsData, 1) : Span<SplitterDestination>.Empty;
+                    return new SplitterDestination(_destinationDataV1, _destinationDataV2);
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -64,20 +71,20 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
             Id = id;
         }
 
-        public readonly Span<SplitterDestination> GetData(int index)
+        public readonly SplitterDestination GetData(int index)
         {
             int i = 0;
 
-            Span<SplitterDestination> result = Destinations;
+            SplitterDestination result = Destination;
 
             while (i < index)
             {
-                if (result.IsEmpty)
+                if (result.IsNull)
                 {
                     break;
                 }
 
-                result = result[0].Next;
+                result = result.Next;
                 i++;
             }
 
@@ -93,25 +100,25 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
         }
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Utility function to apply a given <see cref="SpanAction{T, TArg}"/> to all <see cref="Destinations"/>.
+        /// Utility function to apply an action to all <see cref="Destination"/>.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="action">The action to execute on each elements.</param>
-        private readonly void ForEachDestination(SpanAction<SplitterDestination, int> action)
+        private readonly void ForEachDestination(SplitterDestinationAction action)
         {
-            Span<SplitterDestination> temp = Destinations;
+            SplitterDestination temp = Destination;
 
             int i = 0;
 
             while (true)
             {
-                if (temp.IsEmpty)
+                if (temp.IsNull)
                 {
                     break;
                 }
 
-                Span<SplitterDestination> next = temp[0].Next;
+                SplitterDestination next = temp.Next;
 
-                action.Invoke(temp, i++);
+                action(temp, i++);
 
                 temp = next;
             }
@@ -142,9 +149,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
             {
                 input.ReadLittleEndian(out int destinationId);
 
-                Memory<SplitterDestination> destination = context.GetDestinationMemory(destinationId);
+                SplitterDestination destination = context.GetDestination(destinationId);
 
-                SetDestination(ref destination.Span[0]);
+                SetDestination(destination);
 
                 DestinationCount = destinationCount;
 
@@ -152,9 +159,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
                 {
                     input.ReadLittleEndian(out destinationId);
 
-                    Memory<SplitterDestination> nextDestination = context.GetDestinationMemory(destinationId);
+                    SplitterDestination nextDestination = context.GetDestination(destinationId);
 
-                    destination.Span[0].Link(ref nextDestination.Span[0]);
+                    destination.Link(nextDestination);
                     destination = nextDestination;
                 }
             }
@@ -174,16 +181,21 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
         }
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Set the head of the linked list of <see cref="Destinations"/>.
+        /// Set the head of the linked list of <see cref="Destination"/>.
         /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="newValue">A reference to a <see cref="SplitterDestination"/>.</param>
-        public void SetDestination(ref SplitterDestination newValue)
+        /// <param name="newValue">New destination value.</param>
+        public void SetDestination(SplitterDestination newValue)
         {
             unsafe
             {
-                fixed (SplitterDestination* newValuePtr = &newValue)
+                fixed (SplitterDestinationVersion1* newValuePtr = &newValue.GetV1RefOrNull())
                 {
-                    _destinationsData = newValuePtr;
+                    _destinationDataV1 = newValuePtr;
+                }
+
+                fixed (SplitterDestinationVersion2* newValuePtr = &newValue.GetV2RefOrNull())
+                {
+                    _destinationDataV2 = newValuePtr;
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -193,19 +205,20 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
         /// </summary>
         public readonly void UpdateInternalState()
         {
-            ForEachDestination((destination, _) => destination[0].UpdateInternalState());
+            ForEachDestination((destination, _) => destination.UpdateInternalState());
         }
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Clear all links from the <see cref="Destinations"/>.
+        /// Clear all links from the <see cref="Destination"/>.
         /// </summary>
         public void ClearLinks()
         {
-            ForEachDestination((destination, _) => destination[0].Unlink());
+            ForEachDestination((destination, _) => destination.Unlink());
 
             unsafe
             {
-                _destinationsData = (SplitterDestination*)IntPtr.Zero;
+                _destinationDataV1 = null;
+                _destinationDataV2 = null;
             }
         }
 
@@ -219,7 +232,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
             {
                 unsafe
                 {
-                    splitter._destinationsData = (SplitterDestination*)IntPtr.Zero;
+                    splitter._destinationDataV1 = null;
+                    splitter._destinationDataV2 = null;
                 }
 
                 splitter.DestinationCount = 0;

src/Ryujinx.Common/Memory/MemoryOwner.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+#nullable enable
+using System;
+using System.Buffers;
+using System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis;
+using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+using System.Threading;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Common.Memory
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// An <see cref="IMemoryOwner{T}"/> implementation with an embedded length and fast <see cref="Span{T}"/>
+    /// accessor, with memory allocated from <seealso cref="ArrayPool{T}.Shared"/>.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <typeparam name="T">The type of item to store.</typeparam>
+    public sealed class MemoryOwner<T> : IMemoryOwner<T>
+    {
+        private readonly int _length;
+        private T[]? _array;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="MemoryOwner{T}"/> class with the specified parameters.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="length">The length of the new memory buffer to use</param>
+        private MemoryOwner(int length)
+        {
+            _length = length;
+            _array = ArrayPool<T>.Shared.Rent(length);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new <see cref="MemoryOwner{T}"/> instance with the specified length.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="length">The length of the new memory buffer to use</param>
+        /// <returns>A <see cref="MemoryOwner{T}"/> instance of the requested length</returns>
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentOutOfRangeException">Thrown when <paramref name="length"/> is not valid</exception>
+        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+        public static MemoryOwner<T> Rent(int length) => new(length);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new <see cref="MemoryOwner{T}"/> instance with the specified length and the content cleared.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="length">The length of the new memory buffer to use</param>
+        /// <returns>A <see cref="MemoryOwner{T}"/> instance of the requested length and the content cleared</returns>
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentOutOfRangeException">Thrown when <paramref name="length"/> is not valid</exception>
+        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+        public static MemoryOwner<T> RentCleared(int length)
+        {
+            MemoryOwner<T> result = new(length);
+
+            result._array.AsSpan(0, length).Clear();
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new <see cref="MemoryOwner{T}"/> instance with the content copied from the specified buffer.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="buffer">The buffer to copy</param>
+        /// <returns>A <see cref="MemoryOwner{T}"/> instance with the same length and content as <paramref name="buffer"/></returns>
+        public static MemoryOwner<T> RentCopy(ReadOnlySpan<T> buffer)
+        {
+            MemoryOwner<T> result = new(buffer.Length);
+
+            buffer.CopyTo(result._array);
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the number of items in the current instance.
+        /// </summary>
+        public int Length
+        {
+            [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+            get => _length;
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public Memory<T> Memory
+        {
+            [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+            get
+            {
+                T[]? array = _array;
+
+                if (array is null)
+                {
+                    ThrowObjectDisposedException();
+                }
+
+                return new(array, 0, _length);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets a <see cref="Span{T}"/> wrapping the memory belonging to the current instance.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// Uses a trick made possible by the .NET 6+ runtime array layout.
+        /// </remarks>
+        public Span<T> Span
+        {
+            [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+            get
+            {
+                T[]? array = _array;
+
+                if (array is null)
+                {
+                    ThrowObjectDisposedException();
+                }
+
+                ref T firstElementRef = ref MemoryMarshal.GetArrayDataReference(array);
+
+                return MemoryMarshal.CreateSpan(ref firstElementRef, _length);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            T[]? array = Interlocked.Exchange(ref _array, null);
+
+            if (array is not null)
+            {
+                ArrayPool<T>.Shared.Return(array, RuntimeHelpers.IsReferenceOrContainsReferences<T>());
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Throws an <see cref="ObjectDisposedException"/> when <see cref="_array"/> is <see langword="null"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        [DoesNotReturn]
+        private static void ThrowObjectDisposedException()
+        {
+            throw new ObjectDisposedException(nameof(MemoryOwner<T>), "The buffer has already been disposed.");
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Common/Memory/SpanOwner.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+using System;
+using System.Buffers;
+using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Common.Memory
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// A stack-only type that rents a buffer of a specified length from <seealso cref="ArrayPool{T}.Shared"/>.
+    /// It does not implement <see cref="IDisposable"/> to avoid being boxed, but should still be disposed. This
+    /// is easy since C# 8, which allows use of C# `using` constructs on any type that has a public Dispose() method.
+    /// To keep this type simple, fast, and read-only, it does not check or guard against multiple disposals.
+    /// For all these reasons, all usage should be with a `using` block or statement.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <typeparam name="T">The type of item to store.</typeparam>
+    public readonly ref struct SpanOwner<T>
+    {
+        private readonly int _length;
+        private readonly T[] _array;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="SpanOwner{T}"/> struct with the specified parameters.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="length">The length of the new memory buffer to use</param>
+        private SpanOwner(int length)
+        {
+            _length = length;
+            _array = ArrayPool<T>.Shared.Rent(length);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets an empty <see cref="SpanOwner{T}"/> instance.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static SpanOwner<T> Empty
+        {
+            [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+            get => new(0);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new <see cref="SpanOwner{T}"/> instance with the specified length.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="length">The length of the new memory buffer to use</param>
+        /// <returns>A <see cref="SpanOwner{T}"/> instance of the requested length</returns>
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentOutOfRangeException">Thrown when <paramref name="length"/> is not valid</exception>
+        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+        public static SpanOwner<T> Rent(int length) => new(length);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new <see cref="SpanOwner{T}"/> instance with the length and the content cleared.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="length">The length of the new memory buffer to use</param>
+        /// <returns>A <see cref="SpanOwner{T}"/> instance of the requested length and the content cleared</returns>
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentOutOfRangeException">Thrown when <paramref name="length"/> is not valid</exception>
+        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+        public static SpanOwner<T> RentCleared(int length)
+        {
+            SpanOwner<T> result = new(length);
+
+            result._array.AsSpan(0, length).Clear();
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new <see cref="SpanOwner{T}"/> instance with the content copied from the specified buffer.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="buffer">The buffer to copy</param>
+        /// <returns>A <see cref="SpanOwner{T}"/> instance with the same length and content as <paramref name="buffer"/></returns>
+        public static SpanOwner<T> RentCopy(ReadOnlySpan<T> buffer)
+        {
+            SpanOwner<T> result = new(buffer.Length);
+
+            buffer.CopyTo(result._array);
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the number of items in the current instance
+        /// </summary>
+        public int Length
+        {
+            [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+            get => _length;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets a <see cref="Span{T}"/> wrapping the memory belonging to the current instance.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// Uses a trick made possible by the .NET 6+ runtime array layout.
+        /// </remarks>
+        public Span<T> Span
+        {
+            [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+            get
+            {
+                ref T firstElementRef = ref MemoryMarshal.GetArrayDataReference(_array);
+
+                return MemoryMarshal.CreateSpan(ref firstElementRef, _length);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Implements the duck-typed <see cref="IDisposable.Dispose"/> method.
+        /// </summary>
+        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            ArrayPool<T>.Shared.Return(_array, RuntimeHelpers.IsReferenceOrContainsReferences<T>());
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/BufferAccess.cs

@@ -6,8 +6,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
     public enum BufferAccess
     {
         Default = 0,
-        FlushPersistent = 1 << 0,
-        Stream = 1 << 1,
-        SparseCompatible = 1 << 2,
+        HostMemory = 1,
+        DeviceMemory = 2,
+        DeviceMemoryMapped = 3,
+
+        MemoryTypeMask = 0xf,
+
+        Stream = 1 << 4,
+        SparseCompatible = 1 << 5,
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Capabilities.cs

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
     {
         public readonly TargetApi Api;
         public readonly string VendorName;
+        public readonly SystemMemoryType MemoryType;
 
         public readonly bool HasFrontFacingBug;
         public readonly bool HasVectorIndexingBug;
@@ -50,6 +51,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
         public readonly bool SupportsIndirectParameters;
         public readonly bool SupportsDepthClipControl;
 
+        public readonly int UniformBufferSetIndex;
+        public readonly int StorageBufferSetIndex;
+        public readonly int TextureSetIndex;
+        public readonly int ImageSetIndex;
+        public readonly int ExtraSetBaseIndex;
+        public readonly int MaximumExtraSets;
+
         public readonly uint MaximumUniformBuffersPerStage;
         public readonly uint MaximumStorageBuffersPerStage;
         public readonly uint MaximumTexturesPerStage;
@@ -66,6 +74,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
         public Capabilities(
             TargetApi api,
             string vendorName,
+            SystemMemoryType memoryType,
             bool hasFrontFacingBug,
             bool hasVectorIndexingBug,
             bool needsFragmentOutputSpecialization,
@@ -107,6 +116,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
             bool supportsViewportSwizzle,
             bool supportsIndirectParameters,
             bool supportsDepthClipControl,
+            int uniformBufferSetIndex,
+            int storageBufferSetIndex,
+            int textureSetIndex,
+            int imageSetIndex,
+            int extraSetBaseIndex,
+            int maximumExtraSets,
             uint maximumUniformBuffersPerStage,
             uint maximumStorageBuffersPerStage,
             uint maximumTexturesPerStage,
@@ -120,6 +135,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
         {
             Api = api;
             VendorName = vendorName;
+            MemoryType = memoryType;
             HasFrontFacingBug = hasFrontFacingBug;
             HasVectorIndexingBug = hasVectorIndexingBug;
             NeedsFragmentOutputSpecialization = needsFragmentOutputSpecialization;
@@ -161,6 +177,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
             SupportsViewportSwizzle = supportsViewportSwizzle;
             SupportsIndirectParameters = supportsIndirectParameters;
             SupportsDepthClipControl = supportsDepthClipControl;
+            UniformBufferSetIndex = uniformBufferSetIndex;
+            StorageBufferSetIndex = storageBufferSetIndex;
+            TextureSetIndex = textureSetIndex;
+            ImageSetIndex = imageSetIndex;
+            ExtraSetBaseIndex = extraSetBaseIndex;
+            MaximumExtraSets = maximumExtraSets;
             MaximumUniformBuffersPerStage = maximumUniformBuffersPerStage;
             MaximumStorageBuffersPerStage = maximumStorageBuffersPerStage;
             MaximumTexturesPerStage = maximumTexturesPerStage;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Format.cs

@@ -711,5 +711,36 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
         {
             return format.IsUint() || format.IsSint();
         }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks if the texture format is a float or sRGB color format.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// Does not include normalized, compressed or depth formats.
+        /// Float and sRGB formats do not participate in logical operations.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="format">Texture format</param>
+        /// <returns>True if the format is a float or sRGB color format, false otherwise</returns>
+        public static bool IsFloatOrSrgb(this Format format)
+        {
+            switch (format)
+            {
+                case Format.R8G8B8A8Srgb:
+                case Format.B8G8R8A8Srgb:
+                case Format.R16Float:
+                case Format.R16G16Float:
+                case Format.R16G16B16Float:
+                case Format.R16G16B16A16Float:
+                case Format.R32Float:
+                case Format.R32G32Float:
+                case Format.R32G32B32Float:
+                case Format.R32G32B32A32Float:
+                case Format.R11G11B10Float:
+                case Format.R9G9B9E5Float:
+                    return true;
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/IImageArray.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
+using System;
+
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
 {
-    public interface IImageArray
+    public interface IImageArray : IDisposable
     {
         void SetFormats(int index, Format[] imageFormats);
         void SetImages(int index, ITexture[] images);

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/IPipeline.cs

@@ -60,6 +60,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
 
         void SetImage(ShaderStage stage, int binding, ITexture texture, Format imageFormat);
         void SetImageArray(ShaderStage stage, int binding, IImageArray array);
+        void SetImageArraySeparate(ShaderStage stage, int setIndex, IImageArray array);
 
         void SetLineParameters(float width, bool smooth);
 
@@ -91,6 +92,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
 
         void SetTextureAndSampler(ShaderStage stage, int binding, ITexture texture, ISampler sampler);
         void SetTextureArray(ShaderStage stage, int binding, ITextureArray array);
+        void SetTextureArraySeparate(ShaderStage stage, int setIndex, ITextureArray array);
 
         void SetTransformFeedbackBuffers(ReadOnlySpan<BufferRange> buffers);
         void SetUniformBuffers(ReadOnlySpan<BufferAssignment> buffers);

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/IRenderer.cs

@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
         void BackgroundContextAction(Action action, bool alwaysBackground = false);
 
         BufferHandle CreateBuffer(int size, BufferAccess access = BufferAccess.Default);
-        BufferHandle CreateBuffer(int size, BufferAccess access, BufferHandle storageHint);
         BufferHandle CreateBuffer(nint pointer, int size);
         BufferHandle CreateBufferSparse(ReadOnlySpan<BufferRange> storageBuffers);
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/ITextureArray.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
+using System;
+
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
 {
-    public interface ITextureArray
+    public interface ITextureArray : IDisposable
     {
         void SetSamplers(int index, ISampler[] samplers);
         void SetTextures(int index, ITexture[] textures);

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/CommandHelper.cs

@@ -44,7 +44,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
             }
 
             Register<ActionCommand>(CommandType.Action);
-            Register<CreateBufferCommand>(CommandType.CreateBuffer);
             Register<CreateBufferAccessCommand>(CommandType.CreateBufferAccess);
             Register<CreateBufferSparseCommand>(CommandType.CreateBufferSparse);
             Register<CreateHostBufferCommand>(CommandType.CreateHostBuffer);
@@ -67,6 +66,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
             Register<CounterEventDisposeCommand>(CommandType.CounterEventDispose);
             Register<CounterEventFlushCommand>(CommandType.CounterEventFlush);
 
+            Register<ImageArrayDisposeCommand>(CommandType.ImageArrayDispose);
             Register<ImageArraySetFormatsCommand>(CommandType.ImageArraySetFormats);
             Register<ImageArraySetImagesCommand>(CommandType.ImageArraySetImages);
 
@@ -89,6 +89,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
             Register<TextureSetDataSliceRegionCommand>(CommandType.TextureSetDataSliceRegion);
             Register<TextureSetStorageCommand>(CommandType.TextureSetStorage);
 
+            Register<TextureArrayDisposeCommand>(CommandType.TextureArrayDispose);
             Register<TextureArraySetSamplersCommand>(CommandType.TextureArraySetSamplers);
             Register<TextureArraySetTexturesCommand>(CommandType.TextureArraySetTextures);
 
@@ -125,6 +126,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
             Register<SetUniformBuffersCommand>(CommandType.SetUniformBuffers);
             Register<SetImageCommand>(CommandType.SetImage);
             Register<SetImageArrayCommand>(CommandType.SetImageArray);
+            Register<SetImageArraySeparateCommand>(CommandType.SetImageArraySeparate);
             Register<SetIndexBufferCommand>(CommandType.SetIndexBuffer);
             Register<SetLineParametersCommand>(CommandType.SetLineParameters);
             Register<SetLogicOpStateCommand>(CommandType.SetLogicOpState);
@@ -142,6 +144,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
             Register<SetStencilTestCommand>(CommandType.SetStencilTest);
             Register<SetTextureAndSamplerCommand>(CommandType.SetTextureAndSampler);
             Register<SetTextureArrayCommand>(CommandType.SetTextureArray);
+            Register<SetTextureArraySeparateCommand>(CommandType.SetTextureArraySeparate);
             Register<SetUserClipDistanceCommand>(CommandType.SetUserClipDistance);
             Register<SetVertexAttribsCommand>(CommandType.SetVertexAttribs);
             Register<SetVertexBuffersCommand>(CommandType.SetVertexBuffers);

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/CommandType.cs

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
     enum CommandType : byte
     {
         Action,
-        CreateBuffer,
         CreateBufferAccess,
         CreateBufferSparse,
         CreateHostBuffer,
@@ -27,6 +26,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
         CounterEventDispose,
         CounterEventFlush,
 
+        ImageArrayDispose,
         ImageArraySetFormats,
         ImageArraySetImages,
 
@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
         TextureSetDataSliceRegion,
         TextureSetStorage,
 
+        TextureArrayDispose,
         TextureArraySetSamplers,
         TextureArraySetTextures,
 
@@ -85,6 +86,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
         SetUniformBuffers,
         SetImage,
         SetImageArray,
+        SetImageArraySeparate,
         SetIndexBuffer,
         SetLineParameters,
         SetLogicOpState,
@@ -102,6 +104,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
         SetStencilTest,
         SetTextureAndSampler,
         SetTextureArray,
+        SetTextureArraySeparate,
         SetUserClipDistance,
         SetVertexAttribs,
         SetVertexBuffers,

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/Commands/ImageArray/ImageArrayDisposeCommand.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Model;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Resources;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.ImageArray
+{
+    struct ImageArrayDisposeCommand : IGALCommand, IGALCommand<ImageArrayDisposeCommand>
+    {
+        public readonly CommandType CommandType => CommandType.ImageArrayDispose;
+        private TableRef<ThreadedImageArray> _imageArray;
+
+        public void Set(TableRef<ThreadedImageArray> imageArray)
+        {
+            _imageArray = imageArray;
+        }
+
+        public static void Run(ref ImageArrayDisposeCommand command, ThreadedRenderer threaded, IRenderer renderer)
+        {
+            command._imageArray.Get(threaded).Base.Dispose();
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/Commands/Renderer/CreateBufferCommand.cs

@@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
-namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.Renderer
-{
-    struct CreateBufferCommand : IGALCommand, IGALCommand<CreateBufferCommand>
-    {
-        public readonly CommandType CommandType => CommandType.CreateBuffer;
-        private BufferHandle _threadedHandle;
-        private int _size;
-        private BufferAccess _access;
-        private BufferHandle _storageHint;
-
-        public void Set(BufferHandle threadedHandle, int size, BufferAccess access, BufferHandle storageHint)
-        {
-            _threadedHandle = threadedHandle;
-            _size = size;
-            _access = access;
-            _storageHint = storageHint;
-        }
-
-        public static void Run(ref CreateBufferCommand command, ThreadedRenderer threaded, IRenderer renderer)
-        {
-            BufferHandle hint = BufferHandle.Null;
-
-            if (command._storageHint != BufferHandle.Null)
-            {
-                hint = threaded.Buffers.MapBuffer(command._storageHint);
-            }
-
-            threaded.Buffers.AssignBuffer(command._threadedHandle, renderer.CreateBuffer(command._size, command._access, hint));
-        }
-    }
-}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/Commands/SetImageArraySeparateCommand.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Model;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Resources;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands
+{
+    struct SetImageArraySeparateCommand : IGALCommand, IGALCommand<SetImageArraySeparateCommand>
+    {
+        public readonly CommandType CommandType => CommandType.SetImageArraySeparate;
+        private ShaderStage _stage;
+        private int _setIndex;
+        private TableRef<IImageArray> _array;
+
+        public void Set(ShaderStage stage, int setIndex, TableRef<IImageArray> array)
+        {
+            _stage = stage;
+            _setIndex = setIndex;
+            _array = array;
+        }
+
+        public static void Run(ref SetImageArraySeparateCommand command, ThreadedRenderer threaded, IRenderer renderer)
+        {
+            renderer.Pipeline.SetImageArraySeparate(command._stage, command._setIndex, command._array.GetAs<ThreadedImageArray>(threaded)?.Base);
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/Commands/SetTextureArraySeparateCommand.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Model;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Resources;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands
+{
+    struct SetTextureArraySeparateCommand : IGALCommand, IGALCommand<SetTextureArraySeparateCommand>
+    {
+        public readonly CommandType CommandType => CommandType.SetTextureArraySeparate;
+        private ShaderStage _stage;
+        private int _setIndex;
+        private TableRef<ITextureArray> _array;
+
+        public void Set(ShaderStage stage, int setIndex, TableRef<ITextureArray> array)
+        {
+            _stage = stage;
+            _setIndex = setIndex;
+            _array = array;
+        }
+
+        public static void Run(ref SetTextureArraySeparateCommand command, ThreadedRenderer threaded, IRenderer renderer)
+        {
+            renderer.Pipeline.SetTextureArraySeparate(command._stage, command._setIndex, command._array.GetAs<ThreadedTextureArray>(threaded)?.Base);
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/Commands/TextureArray/TextureArrayDisposeCommand.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Model;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Resources;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.TextureArray
+{
+    struct TextureArrayDisposeCommand : IGALCommand, IGALCommand<TextureArrayDisposeCommand>
+    {
+        public readonly CommandType CommandType => CommandType.TextureArrayDispose;
+        private TableRef<ThreadedTextureArray> _textureArray;
+
+        public void Set(TableRef<ThreadedTextureArray> textureArray)
+        {
+            _textureArray = textureArray;
+        }
+
+        public static void Run(ref TextureArrayDisposeCommand command, ThreadedRenderer threaded, IRenderer renderer)
+        {
+            command._textureArray.Get(threaded).Base.Dispose();
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/Resources/ThreadedImageArray.cs

@@ -21,6 +21,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Resources
             return new TableRef<T>(_renderer, reference);
         }
 
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            _renderer.New<ImageArrayDisposeCommand>().Set(Ref(this));
+            _renderer.QueueCommand();
+        }
+
         public void SetFormats(int index, Format[] imageFormats)
         {
             _renderer.New<ImageArraySetFormatsCommand>().Set(Ref(this), index, Ref(imageFormats));

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/Resources/ThreadedTextureArray.cs

@@ -22,6 +22,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Resources
             return new TableRef<T>(_renderer, reference);
         }
 
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            _renderer.New<TextureArrayDisposeCommand>().Set(Ref(this));
+            _renderer.QueueCommand();
+        }
+
         public void SetSamplers(int index, ISampler[] samplers)
         {
             _renderer.New<TextureArraySetSamplersCommand>().Set(Ref(this), index, Ref(samplers.ToArray()));

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/ThreadedPipeline.cs

@@ -189,6 +189,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
             _renderer.QueueCommand();
         }
 
+        public void SetImageArraySeparate(ShaderStage stage, int setIndex, IImageArray array)
+        {
+            _renderer.New<SetImageArraySeparateCommand>().Set(stage, setIndex, Ref(array));
+            _renderer.QueueCommand();
+        }
+
         public void SetIndexBuffer(BufferRange buffer, IndexType type)
         {
             _renderer.New<SetIndexBufferCommand>().Set(buffer, type);
@@ -297,6 +303,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
             _renderer.QueueCommand();
         }
 
+        public void SetTextureArraySeparate(ShaderStage stage, int setIndex, ITextureArray array)
+        {
+            _renderer.New<SetTextureArraySeparateCommand>().Set(stage, setIndex, Ref(array));
+            _renderer.QueueCommand();
+        }
+
         public void SetTransformFeedbackBuffers(ReadOnlySpan<BufferRange> buffers)
         {
             _renderer.New<SetTransformFeedbackBuffersCommand>().Set(_renderer.CopySpan(buffers));

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/ThreadedRenderer.cs

@@ -272,15 +272,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
             return handle;
         }
 
-        public BufferHandle CreateBuffer(int size, BufferAccess access, BufferHandle storageHint)
-        {
-            BufferHandle handle = Buffers.CreateBufferHandle();
-            New<CreateBufferCommand>().Set(handle, size, access, storageHint);
-            QueueCommand();
-
-            return handle;
-        }
-
         public BufferHandle CreateBuffer(nint pointer, int size)
         {
             BufferHandle handle = Buffers.CreateBufferHandle();

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/SystemMemoryType.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
+{
+    public enum SystemMemoryType
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The backend manages the ownership of memory. This mode never supports host imported memory.
+        /// </summary>
+        BackendManaged,
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Device memory has similar performance to host memory, usually because it's shared between CPU/GPU.
+        /// Use host memory whenever possible.
+        /// </summary>
+        UnifiedMemory,
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// GPU storage to host memory goes though a slow interconnect, but it would still be preferable to use it if the data is flushed back often.
+        /// Assumes constant buffer access to host memory is rather fast.
+        /// </summary>
+        DedicatedMemory,
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// GPU storage to host memory goes though a slow interconnect, that is very slow when doing access from storage.
+        /// When frequently accessed, copy buffers to host memory using DMA.
+        /// Assumes constant buffer access to host memory is rather fast.
+        /// </summary>
+        DedicatedMemorySlowStorage
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Engine/MME/MacroHLE.cs

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.GPFifo;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Types;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Memory.Range;
 using System;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
@@ -495,8 +496,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.MME
 
             ulong indirectBufferSize = (ulong)maxDrawCount * (ulong)stride;
 
-            MultiRange indirectBufferRange = bufferCache.TranslateAndCreateMultiBuffers(_processor.MemoryManager, indirectBufferGpuVa, indirectBufferSize);
-            MultiRange parameterBufferRange = bufferCache.TranslateAndCreateMultiBuffers(_processor.MemoryManager, parameterBufferGpuVa, 4);
+            MultiRange indirectBufferRange = bufferCache.TranslateAndCreateMultiBuffers(_processor.MemoryManager, indirectBufferGpuVa, indirectBufferSize, BufferStage.Indirect);
+            MultiRange parameterBufferRange = bufferCache.TranslateAndCreateMultiBuffers(_processor.MemoryManager, parameterBufferGpuVa, 4, BufferStage.Indirect);
 
             _processor.ThreedClass.DrawIndirect(
                 topology,

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Engine/Threed/ComputeDraw/VtgAsComputeContext.cs

@@ -438,7 +438,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed.ComputeDraw
 
             ReadOnlySpan<byte> dataBytes = MemoryMarshal.Cast<int, byte>(data);
 
-            BufferHandle buffer = _context.Renderer.CreateBuffer(dataBytes.Length);
+            BufferHandle buffer = _context.Renderer.CreateBuffer(dataBytes.Length, BufferAccess.DeviceMemory);
             _context.Renderer.SetBufferData(buffer, 0, dataBytes);
 
             return new IndexBuffer(buffer, count, dataBytes.Length);
@@ -529,7 +529,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed.ComputeDraw
         {
             if (_dummyBuffer == BufferHandle.Null)
             {
-                _dummyBuffer = _context.Renderer.CreateBuffer(DummyBufferSize);
+                _dummyBuffer = _context.Renderer.CreateBuffer(DummyBufferSize, BufferAccess.DeviceMemory);
                 _context.Renderer.Pipeline.ClearBuffer(_dummyBuffer, 0, DummyBufferSize, 0);
             }
 
@@ -550,7 +550,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed.ComputeDraw
                     _context.Renderer.DeleteBuffer(_sequentialIndexBuffer);
                 }
 
-                _sequentialIndexBuffer = _context.Renderer.CreateBuffer(count * sizeof(uint));
+                _sequentialIndexBuffer = _context.Renderer.CreateBuffer(count * sizeof(uint), BufferAccess.DeviceMemory);
                 _sequentialIndexBufferCount = count;
 
                 Span<int> data = new int[count];
@@ -583,7 +583,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed.ComputeDraw
                     _context.Renderer.DeleteBuffer(buffer.Handle);
                 }
 
-                buffer.Handle = _context.Renderer.CreateBuffer(newSize);
+                buffer.Handle = _context.Renderer.CreateBuffer(newSize, BufferAccess.DeviceMemory);
                 buffer.Size = newSize;
             }
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Engine/Threed/ComputeDraw/VtgAsComputeState.cs

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ using Ryujinx.Common.Logging;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Types;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation;
@@ -370,7 +371,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed.ComputeDraw
         {
             var memoryManager = _channel.MemoryManager;
 
-            BufferRange range = memoryManager.Physical.BufferCache.GetBufferRange(memoryManager.GetPhysicalRegions(address, size));
+            BufferRange range = memoryManager.Physical.BufferCache.GetBufferRange(memoryManager.GetPhysicalRegions(address, size), BufferStage.VertexBuffer);
 
             ITexture bufferTexture = _vacContext.EnsureBufferTexture(index + 2, format);
             bufferTexture.SetStorage(range);
@@ -412,7 +413,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed.ComputeDraw
             var memoryManager = _channel.MemoryManager;
 
             ulong misalign = address & ((ulong)_context.Capabilities.TextureBufferOffsetAlignment - 1);
-            BufferRange range = memoryManager.Physical.BufferCache.GetBufferRange(memoryManager.GetPhysicalRegions(address + indexOffset - misalign, size + misalign));
+            BufferRange range = memoryManager.Physical.BufferCache.GetBufferRange(
+                memoryManager.GetPhysicalRegions(address + indexOffset - misalign, size + misalign),
+                BufferStage.IndexBuffer);
             misalignedOffset = (int)misalign >> shift;
 
             SetIndexBufferTexture(reservations, range, format);

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Engine/Threed/DrawManager.cs

@@ -684,8 +684,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed
 
             if (hasCount)
             {
-                var indirectBuffer = memory.BufferCache.GetBufferRange(indirectBufferRange);
-                var parameterBuffer = memory.BufferCache.GetBufferRange(parameterBufferRange);
+                var indirectBuffer = memory.BufferCache.GetBufferRange(indirectBufferRange, BufferStage.Indirect);
+                var parameterBuffer = memory.BufferCache.GetBufferRange(parameterBufferRange, BufferStage.Indirect);
 
                 if (indexed)
                 {
@@ -698,7 +698,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed
             }
             else
             {
-                var indirectBuffer = memory.BufferCache.GetBufferRange(indirectBufferRange);
+                var indirectBuffer = memory.BufferCache.GetBufferRange(indirectBufferRange, BufferStage.Indirect);
 
                 if (indexed)
                 {

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/GpuContext.cs

@@ -393,17 +393,18 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu
 
             if (force || _pendingSync || (syncpoint && SyncpointActions.Count > 0))
             {
-                Renderer.CreateSync(SyncNumber, strict);
-
                 foreach (var action in SyncActions)
                 {
                     action.SyncPreAction(syncpoint);
                 }
+
                 foreach (var action in SyncpointActions)
                 {
                     action.SyncPreAction(syncpoint);
                 }
 
+                Renderer.CreateSync(SyncNumber, strict);
+
                 SyncNumber++;
 
                 SyncActions.RemoveAll(action => action.SyncAction(syncpoint));

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Image/TextureBindingInfo.cs

@@ -19,6 +19,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// </summary>
         public Format Format { get; }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Shader texture host set index.
+        /// </summary>
+        public int Set { get; }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Shader texture host binding point.
         /// </summary>
@@ -54,15 +59,17 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="target">The shader sampler target type</param>
         /// <param name="format">Format of the image as declared on the shader</param>
+        /// <param name="set">Shader texture host set index</param>
         /// <param name="binding">The shader texture binding point</param>
         /// <param name="arrayLength">For array of textures, this indicates the length of the array. A value of one indicates it is not an array</param>
         /// <param name="cbufSlot">Constant buffer slot where the texture handle is located</param>
         /// <param name="handle">The shader texture handle (read index into the texture constant buffer)</param>
         /// <param name="flags">The texture's usage flags, indicating how it is used in the shader</param>
-        public TextureBindingInfo(Target target, Format format, int binding, int arrayLength, int cbufSlot, int handle, TextureUsageFlags flags)
+        public TextureBindingInfo(Target target, Format format, int set, int binding, int arrayLength, int cbufSlot, int handle, TextureUsageFlags flags)
         {
             Target = target;
             Format = format;
+            Set = set;
             Binding = binding;
             ArrayLength = arrayLength;
             CbufSlot = cbufSlot;
@@ -74,6 +81,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// Constructs the texture binding information structure.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="target">The shader sampler target type</param>
+        /// <param name="set">Shader texture host set index</param>
         /// <param name="binding">The shader texture binding point</param>
         /// <param name="arrayLength">For array of textures, this indicates the length of the array. A value of one indicates it is not an array</param>
         /// <param name="cbufSlot">Constant buffer slot where the texture handle is located</param>
@@ -82,12 +90,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// <param name="isSamplerOnly">Indicates that the binding is for a sampler</param>
         public TextureBindingInfo(
             Target target,
+            int set,
             int binding,
             int arrayLength,
             int cbufSlot,
             int handle,
             TextureUsageFlags flags,
-            bool isSamplerOnly) : this(target, 0, binding, arrayLength, cbufSlot, handle, flags)
+            bool isSamplerOnly) : this(target, 0, set, binding, arrayLength, cbufSlot, handle, flags)
         {
             IsSamplerOnly = isSamplerOnly;
         }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Image/TextureBindingsArrayCache.cs

@@ -566,7 +566,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
             int stageIndex,
             int textureBufferIndex,
             SamplerIndex samplerIndex,
-            TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo)
+            in TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo)
         {
             Update(texturePool, samplerPool, stage, stageIndex, textureBufferIndex, isImage: false, samplerIndex, bindingInfo);
         }
@@ -579,7 +579,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// <param name="stageIndex">Shader stage index where the array is used</param>
         /// <param name="textureBufferIndex">Texture constant buffer index</param>
         /// <param name="bindingInfo">Array binding information</param>
-        public void UpdateImageArray(TexturePool texturePool, ShaderStage stage, int stageIndex, int textureBufferIndex, TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo)
+        public void UpdateImageArray(TexturePool texturePool, ShaderStage stage, int stageIndex, int textureBufferIndex, in TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo)
         {
             Update(texturePool, null, stage, stageIndex, textureBufferIndex, isImage: true, SamplerIndex.ViaHeaderIndex, bindingInfo);
         }
@@ -603,7 +603,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
             int textureBufferIndex,
             bool isImage,
             SamplerIndex samplerIndex,
-            TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo)
+            in TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo)
         {
             if (IsDirectHandleType(bindingInfo.Handle))
             {
@@ -623,7 +623,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// <param name="stage">Shader stage where the array is used</param>
         /// <param name="isImage">Whether the array is a image or texture array</param>
         /// <param name="bindingInfo">Array binding information</param>
-        private void UpdateFromPool(TexturePool texturePool, SamplerPool samplerPool, ShaderStage stage, bool isImage, TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo)
+        private void UpdateFromPool(TexturePool texturePool, SamplerPool samplerPool, ShaderStage stage, bool isImage, in TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo)
         {
             CacheEntry entry = GetOrAddEntry(texturePool, samplerPool, bindingInfo, isImage, out bool isNewEntry);
 
@@ -638,11 +638,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
                 if (isImage)
                 {
-                    _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetImageArray(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, entry.ImageArray);
+                    SetImageArray(stage, bindingInfo, entry.ImageArray);
                 }
                 else
                 {
-                    _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetTextureArray(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, entry.TextureArray);
+                    SetTextureArray(stage, bindingInfo, entry.TextureArray);
                 }
 
                 return;
@@ -708,11 +708,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                             format = texture.Format;
                         }
 
-                        _channel.BufferManager.SetBufferTextureStorage(entry.ImageArray, hostTexture, texture.Range, bindingInfo, index, format);
+                        _channel.BufferManager.SetBufferTextureStorage(stage, entry.ImageArray, hostTexture, texture.Range, bindingInfo, index, format);
                     }
                     else
                     {
-                        _channel.BufferManager.SetBufferTextureStorage(entry.TextureArray, hostTexture, texture.Range, bindingInfo, index, format);
+                        _channel.BufferManager.SetBufferTextureStorage(stage, entry.TextureArray, hostTexture, texture.Range, bindingInfo, index, format);
                     }
                 }
                 else if (isImage)
@@ -737,14 +737,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                 entry.ImageArray.SetFormats(0, formats);
                 entry.ImageArray.SetImages(0, textures);
 
-                _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetImageArray(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, entry.ImageArray);
+                SetImageArray(stage, bindingInfo, entry.ImageArray);
             }
             else
             {
                 entry.TextureArray.SetSamplers(0, samplers);
                 entry.TextureArray.SetTextures(0, textures);
 
-                _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetTextureArray(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, entry.TextureArray);
+                SetTextureArray(stage, bindingInfo, entry.TextureArray);
             }
         }
 
@@ -767,7 +767,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
             int textureBufferIndex,
             bool isImage,
             SamplerIndex samplerIndex,
-            TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo)
+            in TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo)
         {
             (textureBufferIndex, int samplerBufferIndex) = TextureHandle.UnpackSlots(bindingInfo.CbufSlot, textureBufferIndex);
 
@@ -800,11 +800,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
                     if (isImage)
                     {
-                        _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetImageArray(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, entry.ImageArray);
+                        SetImageArray(stage, bindingInfo, entry.ImageArray);
                     }
                     else
                     {
-                        _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetTextureArray(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, entry.TextureArray);
+                        SetTextureArray(stage, bindingInfo, entry.TextureArray);
                     }
 
                     return;
@@ -829,11 +829,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
                     if (isImage)
                     {
-                        _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetImageArray(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, entry.ImageArray);
+                        SetImageArray(stage, bindingInfo, entry.ImageArray);
                     }
                     else
                     {
-                        _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetTextureArray(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, entry.TextureArray);
+                        SetTextureArray(stage, bindingInfo, entry.TextureArray);
                     }
 
                     return;
@@ -921,11 +921,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                             format = texture.Format;
                         }
 
-                        _channel.BufferManager.SetBufferTextureStorage(entry.ImageArray, hostTexture, texture.Range, bindingInfo, index, format);
+                        _channel.BufferManager.SetBufferTextureStorage(stage, entry.ImageArray, hostTexture, texture.Range, bindingInfo, index, format);
                     }
                     else
                     {
-                        _channel.BufferManager.SetBufferTextureStorage(entry.TextureArray, hostTexture, texture.Range, bindingInfo, index, format);
+                        _channel.BufferManager.SetBufferTextureStorage(stage, entry.TextureArray, hostTexture, texture.Range, bindingInfo, index, format);
                     }
                 }
                 else if (isImage)
@@ -950,14 +950,50 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                 entry.ImageArray.SetFormats(0, formats);
                 entry.ImageArray.SetImages(0, textures);
 
-                _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetImageArray(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, entry.ImageArray);
+                SetImageArray(stage, bindingInfo, entry.ImageArray);
             }
             else
             {
                 entry.TextureArray.SetSamplers(0, samplers);
                 entry.TextureArray.SetTextures(0, textures);
 
-                _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetTextureArray(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, entry.TextureArray);
+                SetTextureArray(stage, bindingInfo, entry.TextureArray);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Updates a texture array binding on the host.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="stage">Shader stage where the array is used</param>
+        /// <param name="bindingInfo">Array binding information</param>
+        /// <param name="array">Texture array</param>
+        private void SetTextureArray(ShaderStage stage, in TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo, ITextureArray array)
+        {
+            if (bindingInfo.Set >= _context.Capabilities.ExtraSetBaseIndex && _context.Capabilities.MaximumExtraSets != 0)
+            {
+                _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetTextureArraySeparate(stage, bindingInfo.Set, array);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetTextureArray(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, array);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Updates a image array binding on the host.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="stage">Shader stage where the array is used</param>
+        /// <param name="bindingInfo">Array binding information</param>
+        /// <param name="array">Image array</param>
+        private void SetImageArray(ShaderStage stage, in TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo, IImageArray array)
+        {
+            if (bindingInfo.Set >= _context.Capabilities.ExtraSetBaseIndex && _context.Capabilities.MaximumExtraSets != 0)
+            {
+                _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetImageArraySeparate(stage, bindingInfo.Set, array);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetImageArray(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, array);
             }
         }
 
@@ -973,7 +1009,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         private CacheEntry GetOrAddEntry(
             TexturePool texturePool,
             SamplerPool samplerPool,
-            TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo,
+            in TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo,
             bool isImage,
             out bool isNew)
         {
@@ -1015,7 +1051,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         private CacheEntryFromBuffer GetOrAddEntry(
             TexturePool texturePool,
             SamplerPool samplerPool,
-            TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo,
+            in TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo,
             bool isImage,
             ref BufferBounds textureBufferBounds,
             out bool isNew)
@@ -1077,6 +1113,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                 nextNode = nextNode.Next;
                 _cacheFromBuffer.Remove(toRemove.Value.Key);
                 _lruCache.Remove(toRemove);
+
+                if (toRemove.Value.Key.IsImage)
+                {
+                    toRemove.Value.ImageArray.Dispose();
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    toRemove.Value.TextureArray.Dispose();
+                }
             }
         }
 
@@ -1088,11 +1133,20 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         {
             List<CacheEntryFromPoolKey> keysToRemove = null;
 
-            foreach (CacheEntryFromPoolKey key in _cacheFromPool.Keys)
+            foreach ((CacheEntryFromPoolKey key, CacheEntry entry) in _cacheFromPool)
             {
                 if (key.MatchesPool(pool))
                 {
                     (keysToRemove ??= new()).Add(key);
+
+                    if (key.IsImage)
+                    {
+                        entry.ImageArray.Dispose();
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        entry.TextureArray.Dispose();
+                    }
                 }
             }
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Image/TextureGroup.cs

@@ -645,7 +645,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                 }
                 else
                 {
-                    _flushBuffer = _context.Renderer.CreateBuffer((int)Storage.Size, BufferAccess.FlushPersistent);
+                    _flushBuffer = _context.Renderer.CreateBuffer((int)Storage.Size, BufferAccess.HostMemory);
                     _flushBufferImported = false;
                 }
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Memory/Buffer.cs

@@ -10,6 +10,8 @@ using System.Threading;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
 {
+    delegate void BufferFlushAction(ulong address, ulong size, ulong syncNumber);
+
     /// <summary>
     /// Buffer, used to store vertex and index data, uniform and storage buffers, and others.
     /// </summary>
@@ -23,7 +25,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// <summary>
         /// Host buffer handle.
         /// </summary>
-        public BufferHandle Handle { get; }
+        public BufferHandle Handle { get; private set; }
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Start address of the buffer in guest memory.
@@ -60,6 +62,17 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// </remarks>
         private BufferModifiedRangeList _modifiedRanges = null;
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// A structure that is used to flush buffer data back to a host mapped buffer for cached readback.
+        /// Only used if the buffer data is explicitly owned by device local memory.
+        /// </summary>
+        private BufferPreFlush _preFlush = null;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Usage tracking state that determines what type of backing the buffer should use.
+        /// </summary>
+        public BufferBackingState BackingState;
+
         private readonly MultiRegionHandle _memoryTrackingGranular;
         private readonly RegionHandle _memoryTracking;
 
@@ -87,6 +100,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// <param name="physicalMemory">Physical memory where the buffer is mapped</param>
         /// <param name="address">Start address of the buffer</param>
         /// <param name="size">Size of the buffer in bytes</param>
+        /// <param name="stage">The type of usage that created the buffer</param>
         /// <param name="sparseCompatible">Indicates if the buffer can be used in a sparse buffer mapping</param>
         /// <param name="baseBuffers">Buffers which this buffer contains, and will inherit tracking handles from</param>
         public Buffer(
@@ -94,6 +108,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
             PhysicalMemory physicalMemory,
             ulong address,
             ulong size,
+            BufferStage stage,
             bool sparseCompatible,
             IEnumerable<Buffer> baseBuffers = null)
         {
@@ -103,9 +118,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
             Size = size;
             SparseCompatible = sparseCompatible;
 
-            BufferAccess access = sparseCompatible ? BufferAccess.SparseCompatible : BufferAccess.Default;
+            BackingState = new BufferBackingState(_context, this, stage, baseBuffers);
 
-            Handle = context.Renderer.CreateBuffer((int)size, access, baseBuffers?.MaxBy(x => x.Size).Handle ?? BufferHandle.Null);
+            BufferAccess access = BackingState.SwitchAccess(this);
+
+            Handle = context.Renderer.CreateBuffer((int)size, access);
 
             _useGranular = size > GranularBufferThreshold;
 
@@ -161,6 +178,29 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
             _virtualDependenciesLock = new ReaderWriterLockSlim();
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Recreates the backing buffer based on the desired access type
+        /// reported by the backing state struct.
+        /// </summary>
+        private void ChangeBacking()
+        {
+            BufferAccess access = BackingState.SwitchAccess(this);
+
+            BufferHandle newHandle = _context.Renderer.CreateBuffer((int)Size, access);
+
+            _context.Renderer.Pipeline.CopyBuffer(Handle, newHandle, 0, 0, (int)Size);
+
+            _modifiedRanges?.SelfMigration();
+
+            // If swtiching from device local to host mapped, pre-flushing data no longer makes sense.
+            // This is set to null and disposed when the migration fully completes.
+            _preFlush = null;
+
+            Handle = newHandle;
+
+            _physicalMemory.BufferCache.BufferBackingChanged(this);
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Gets a sub-range from the buffer, from a start address til a page boundary after the given size.
         /// </summary>
@@ -246,6 +286,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
                     }
                     else
                     {
+                        BackingState.RecordSet();
                         _context.Renderer.SetBufferData(Handle, 0, _physicalMemory.GetSpan(Address, (int)Size));
                         CopyToDependantVirtualBuffers();
                     }
@@ -283,15 +324,35 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
             _modifiedRanges ??= new BufferModifiedRangeList(_context, this, Flush);
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks if a backing change is deemed necessary from the given usage.
+        /// If it is, queues a backing change to happen on the next sync action.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="stage">Buffer stage that can change backing type</param>
+        private void TryQueueBackingChange(BufferStage stage)
+        {
+            if (BackingState.ShouldChangeBacking(stage))
+            {
+                if (!_syncActionRegistered)
+                {
+                    _context.RegisterSyncAction(this);
+                    _syncActionRegistered = true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Signal that the given region of the buffer has been modified.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="address">The start address of the modified region</param>
         /// <param name="size">The size of the modified region</param>
-        public void SignalModified(ulong address, ulong size)
+        /// <param name="stage">Buffer stage that triggered the modification</param>
+        public void SignalModified(ulong address, ulong size, BufferStage stage)
         {
             EnsureRangeList();
 
+            TryQueueBackingChange(stage);
+
             _modifiedRanges.SignalModified(address, size);
 
             if (!_syncActionRegistered)
@@ -311,6 +372,37 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
             _modifiedRanges?.Clear(address, size);
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Action to be performed immediately before sync is created.
+        /// This will copy any buffer ranges designated for pre-flushing.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="syncpoint">True if the action is a guest syncpoint</param>
+        public void SyncPreAction(bool syncpoint)
+        {
+            if (_referenceCount == 0)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if (BackingState.ShouldChangeBacking())
+            {
+                ChangeBacking();
+            }
+
+            if (BackingState.IsDeviceLocal)
+            {
+                _preFlush ??= new BufferPreFlush(_context, this, FlushImpl);
+
+                if (_preFlush.ShouldCopy)
+                {
+                    _modifiedRanges?.GetRangesAtSync(Address, Size, _context.SyncNumber, (address, size) =>
+                    {
+                        _preFlush.CopyModified(address, size);
+                    });
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Action to be performed when a syncpoint is reached after modification.
         /// This will register read/write tracking to flush the buffer from GPU when its memory is used.
@@ -466,6 +558,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// <param name="mSize">Size of the modified region</param>
         private void LoadRegion(ulong mAddress, ulong mSize)
         {
+            BackingState.RecordSet();
+
             int offset = (int)(mAddress - Address);
 
             _context.Renderer.SetBufferData(Handle, offset, _physicalMemory.GetSpan(mAddress, (int)mSize));
@@ -539,18 +633,84 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// Flushes a range of the buffer.
         /// This writes the range data back into guest memory.
         /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="handle">Buffer handle to flush data from</param>
         /// <param name="address">Start address of the range</param>
         /// <param name="size">Size in bytes of the range</param>
-        public void Flush(ulong address, ulong size)
+        private void FlushImpl(BufferHandle handle, ulong address, ulong size)
         {
             int offset = (int)(address - Address);
 
-            using PinnedSpan<byte> data = _context.Renderer.GetBufferData(Handle, offset, (int)size);
+            using PinnedSpan<byte> data = _context.Renderer.GetBufferData(handle, offset, (int)size);
 
             // TODO: When write tracking shaders, they will need to be aware of changes in overlapping buffers.
             _physicalMemory.WriteUntracked(address, CopyFromDependantVirtualBuffers(data.Get(), address, size));
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Flushes a range of the buffer.
+        /// This writes the range data back into guest memory.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="address">Start address of the range</param>
+        /// <param name="size">Size in bytes of the range</param>
+        private void FlushImpl(ulong address, ulong size)
+        {
+            FlushImpl(Handle, address, size);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Flushes a range of the buffer from the most optimal source.
+        /// This writes the range data back into guest memory.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="address">Start address of the range</param>
+        /// <param name="size">Size in bytes of the range</param>
+        /// <param name="syncNumber">Sync number waited for before flushing the data</param>
+        public void Flush(ulong address, ulong size, ulong syncNumber)
+        {
+            BackingState.RecordFlush();
+
+            BufferPreFlush preFlush = _preFlush;
+
+            if (preFlush != null)
+            {
+                preFlush.FlushWithAction(address, size, syncNumber);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                FlushImpl(address, size);
+            }
+        }
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets an action that disposes the backing buffer using its current handle.
+        /// Useful for deleting an old copy of the buffer after the handle changes.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>An action that flushes data from the specified range, using the buffer handle at the time the method is generated</returns>
+        public Action GetSnapshotDisposeAction()
+        {
+            BufferHandle handle = Handle;
+            BufferPreFlush preFlush = _preFlush;
+
+            return () =>
+            {
+                _context.Renderer.DeleteBuffer(handle);
+                preFlush?.Dispose();
+            };
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets an action that flushes a range of the buffer using its current handle.
+        /// Useful for flushing data from old copies of the buffer after the handle changes.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>An action that flushes data from the specified range, using the buffer handle at the time the method is generated</returns>
+        public BufferFlushAction GetSnapshotFlushAction()
+        {
+            BufferHandle handle = Handle;
+
+            return (ulong address, ulong size, ulong _) =>
+            {
+                FlushImpl(handle, address, size);
+            };
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Align a given address and size region to page boundaries.
         /// </summary>
@@ -857,6 +1017,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
             _modifiedRanges?.Clear();
 
             _context.Renderer.DeleteBuffer(Handle);
+            _preFlush?.Dispose();
+            _preFlush = null;
 
             UnmappedSequence++;
         }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Memory/BufferBackingState.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,294 @@
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL;
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Type of backing memory.
+    /// In ascending order of priority when merging multiple buffer backing states.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal enum BufferBackingType
+    {
+        HostMemory,
+        DeviceMemory,
+        DeviceMemoryWithFlush
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Keeps track of buffer usage to decide what memory heap that buffer memory is placed on.
+    /// Dedicated GPUs prefer certain types of resources to be device local,
+    /// and if we need data to be read back, we might prefer that they're in host memory.
+    /// 
+    /// The measurements recorded here compare to a set of heruristics (thresholds and conditions)
+    /// that appear to produce good performance in most software.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal struct BufferBackingState
+    {
+        private const int DeviceLocalSizeThreshold = 256 * 1024; // 256kb
+
+        private const int SetCountThreshold = 100;
+        private const int WriteCountThreshold = 50;
+        private const int FlushCountThreshold = 5;
+        private const int DeviceLocalForceExpiry = 100;
+
+        public readonly bool IsDeviceLocal => _activeType != BufferBackingType.HostMemory;
+
+        private readonly SystemMemoryType _systemMemoryType;
+        private BufferBackingType _activeType;
+        private BufferBackingType _desiredType;
+
+        private bool _canSwap;
+
+        private int _setCount;
+        private int _writeCount;
+        private int _flushCount;
+        private int _flushTemp;
+        private int _lastFlushWrite;
+        private int _deviceLocalForceCount;
+
+        private readonly int _size;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Initialize the buffer backing state for a given parent buffer.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="context">GPU context</param>
+        /// <param name="parent">Parent buffer</param>
+        /// <param name="stage">Initial buffer stage</param>
+        /// <param name="baseBuffers">Buffers to inherit state from</param>
+        public BufferBackingState(GpuContext context, Buffer parent, BufferStage stage, IEnumerable<Buffer> baseBuffers = null)
+        {
+            _size = (int)parent.Size;
+            _systemMemoryType = context.Capabilities.MemoryType;
+
+            // Backend managed is always auto, unified memory is always host.
+            _desiredType = BufferBackingType.HostMemory;
+            _canSwap = _systemMemoryType != SystemMemoryType.BackendManaged && _systemMemoryType != SystemMemoryType.UnifiedMemory;
+
+            if (_canSwap)
+            {
+                // Might want to start certain buffers as being device local,
+                // and the usage might also lock those buffers into being device local.
+
+                BufferStage storageFlags = stage & BufferStage.StorageMask;
+
+                if (parent.Size > DeviceLocalSizeThreshold && baseBuffers == null)
+                {
+                    _desiredType = BufferBackingType.DeviceMemory;
+                }
+
+                if (storageFlags != 0)
+                {
+                    // Storage buffer bindings may require special treatment.
+
+                    var rawStage = stage & BufferStage.StageMask;
+
+                    if (rawStage == BufferStage.Fragment)
+                    {
+                        // Fragment read should start device local.
+
+                        _desiredType = BufferBackingType.DeviceMemory;
+
+                        if (storageFlags != BufferStage.StorageRead)
+                        {
+                            // Fragment write should stay device local until the use doesn't happen anymore.
+
+                            _deviceLocalForceCount = DeviceLocalForceExpiry;
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    // TODO: Might be nice to force atomic access to be device local for any stage.
+                }
+
+                if (baseBuffers != null)
+                {
+                    foreach (Buffer buffer in baseBuffers)
+                    {
+                        CombineState(buffer.BackingState);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Combine buffer backing types, selecting the one with highest priority.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="left">First buffer backing type</param>
+        /// <param name="right">Second buffer backing type</param>
+        /// <returns>Combined buffer backing type</returns>
+        private static BufferBackingType CombineTypes(BufferBackingType left, BufferBackingType right)
+        {
+            return (BufferBackingType)Math.Max((int)left, (int)right);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Combine the state from the given buffer backing state with this one,
+        /// so that the state isn't lost when migrating buffers.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="oldState">Buffer state to combine into this state</param>
+        private void CombineState(BufferBackingState oldState)
+        {
+            _setCount += oldState._setCount;
+            _writeCount += oldState._writeCount;
+            _flushCount += oldState._flushCount;
+            _flushTemp += oldState._flushTemp;
+            _lastFlushWrite = -1;
+            _deviceLocalForceCount = Math.Max(_deviceLocalForceCount, oldState._deviceLocalForceCount);
+
+            _canSwap &= oldState._canSwap;
+
+            _desiredType = CombineTypes(_desiredType, oldState._desiredType);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the buffer access for the desired backing type, and record that type as now being active.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="parent">Parent buffer</param>
+        /// <returns>Buffer access</returns>
+        public BufferAccess SwitchAccess(Buffer parent)
+        {
+            BufferAccess access = parent.SparseCompatible ? BufferAccess.SparseCompatible : BufferAccess.Default;
+
+            bool isBackendManaged = _systemMemoryType == SystemMemoryType.BackendManaged;
+
+            if (!isBackendManaged)
+            {
+                switch (_desiredType)
+                {
+                    case BufferBackingType.HostMemory:
+                        access |= BufferAccess.HostMemory;
+                        break;
+                    case BufferBackingType.DeviceMemory:
+                        access |= BufferAccess.DeviceMemory;
+                        break;
+                    case BufferBackingType.DeviceMemoryWithFlush:
+                        access |= BufferAccess.DeviceMemoryMapped;
+                        break;
+                }
+            }
+
+            _activeType = _desiredType;
+
+            return access;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Record when data has been uploaded to the buffer.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void RecordSet()
+        {
+            _setCount++;
+
+            ConsiderUseCounts();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Record when data has been flushed from the buffer.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void RecordFlush()
+        {
+            if (_lastFlushWrite != _writeCount)
+            {
+                // If it's on the same page as the last flush, ignore it.
+                _lastFlushWrite = _writeCount;
+                _flushCount++;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Determine if the buffer backing should be changed.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>True if the desired backing type is different from the current type</returns>
+        public readonly bool ShouldChangeBacking()
+        {
+            return _desiredType != _activeType;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Determine if the buffer backing should be changed, considering a new use with the given buffer stage.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="stage">Buffer stage for the use</param>
+        /// <returns>True if the desired backing type is different from the current type</returns>
+        public bool ShouldChangeBacking(BufferStage stage)
+        {
+            if (!_canSwap)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            BufferStage storageFlags = stage & BufferStage.StorageMask;
+
+            if (storageFlags != 0)
+            {
+                if (storageFlags != BufferStage.StorageRead)
+                {
+                    // Storage write.
+                    _writeCount++;
+
+                    var rawStage = stage & BufferStage.StageMask;
+
+                    if (rawStage == BufferStage.Fragment)
+                    {
+                        // Switch to device memory, swap back only if this use disappears.
+
+                        _desiredType = CombineTypes(_desiredType, BufferBackingType.DeviceMemory);
+                        _deviceLocalForceCount = DeviceLocalForceExpiry;
+
+                        // TODO: Might be nice to force atomic access to be device local for any stage.
+                    }
+                }
+
+                ConsiderUseCounts();
+            }
+
+            return _desiredType != _activeType;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Evaluate the current counts to determine what the buffer's desired backing type is.
+        /// This method depends on heuristics devised by testing a variety of software.
+        /// </summary>
+        private void ConsiderUseCounts()
+        {
+            if (_canSwap)
+            {
+                if (_writeCount >= WriteCountThreshold || _setCount >= SetCountThreshold || _flushCount >= FlushCountThreshold)
+                {
+                    if (_deviceLocalForceCount > 0 && --_deviceLocalForceCount != 0)
+                    {
+                        // Some buffer usage demanded that the buffer stay device local.
+                        // The desired type was selected when this counter was set.
+                    }
+                    else if (_flushCount > 0 || _flushTemp-- > 0)
+                    {
+                        // Buffers that flush should ideally be mapped in host address space for easy copies.
+                        // If the buffer is large it will do better on GPU memory, as there will be more writes than data flushes (typically individual pages).
+                        // If it is small, then it's likely most of the buffer will be flushed so we want it on host memory, as access is cached.
+                        _desiredType = _size > DeviceLocalSizeThreshold ? BufferBackingType.DeviceMemoryWithFlush : BufferBackingType.HostMemory;
+                    }
+                    else if (_writeCount >= WriteCountThreshold)
+                    {
+                        // Buffers that are written often should ideally be in the device local heap. (Storage buffers)
+                        _desiredType = BufferBackingType.DeviceMemory;
+                    }
+                    else if (_setCount > SetCountThreshold)
+                    {
+                        // Buffers that have their data set often should ideally be host mapped. (Constant buffers)
+                        _desiredType = BufferBackingType.HostMemory;
+                    }
+
+                    // It's harder for a buffer that is flushed to revert to another type of mapping.
+                    if (_flushCount > 0)
+                    {
+                        _flushTemp = 1000;
+                    }
+
+                    _lastFlushWrite = -1;
+                    _flushCount = 0;
+                    _writeCount = 0;
+                    _setCount = 0;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Memory/BufferCache.cs

@@ -107,8 +107,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// <param name="memoryManager">GPU memory manager where the buffer is mapped</param>
         /// <param name="gpuVa">Start GPU virtual address of the buffer</param>
         /// <param name="size">Size in bytes of the buffer</param>
+        /// <param name="stage">The type of usage that created the buffer</param>
         /// <returns>Contiguous physical range of the buffer, after address translation</returns>
-        public MultiRange TranslateAndCreateBuffer(MemoryManager memoryManager, ulong gpuVa, ulong size)
+        public MultiRange TranslateAndCreateBuffer(MemoryManager memoryManager, ulong gpuVa, ulong size, BufferStage stage)
         {
             if (gpuVa == 0)
             {
@@ -119,7 +120,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
 
             if (address != MemoryManager.PteUnmapped)
             {
-                CreateBuffer(address, size);
+                CreateBuffer(address, size, stage);
             }
 
             return new MultiRange(address, size);
@@ -132,8 +133,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// <param name="memoryManager">GPU memory manager where the buffer is mapped</param>
         /// <param name="gpuVa">Start GPU virtual address of the buffer</param>
         /// <param name="size">Size in bytes of the buffer</param>
+        /// <param name="stage">The type of usage that created the buffer</param>
         /// <returns>Physical ranges of the buffer, after address translation</returns>
-        public MultiRange TranslateAndCreateMultiBuffers(MemoryManager memoryManager, ulong gpuVa, ulong size)
+        public MultiRange TranslateAndCreateMultiBuffers(MemoryManager memoryManager, ulong gpuVa, ulong size, BufferStage stage)
         {
             if (gpuVa == 0)
             {
@@ -149,7 +151,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
                 return range;
             }
 
-            CreateBuffer(range);
+            CreateBuffer(range, stage);
 
             return range;
         }
@@ -161,8 +163,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// <param name="memoryManager">GPU memory manager where the buffer is mapped</param>
         /// <param name="gpuVa">Start GPU virtual address of the buffer</param>
         /// <param name="size">Size in bytes of the buffer</param>
+        /// <param name="stage">The type of usage that created the buffer</param>
         /// <returns>Physical ranges of the buffer, after address translation</returns>
-        public MultiRange TranslateAndCreateMultiBuffersPhysicalOnly(MemoryManager memoryManager, ulong gpuVa, ulong size)
+        public MultiRange TranslateAndCreateMultiBuffersPhysicalOnly(MemoryManager memoryManager, ulong gpuVa, ulong size, BufferStage stage)
         {
             if (gpuVa == 0)
             {
@@ -186,11 +189,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
                 {
                     if (range.Count > 1)
                     {
-                        CreateBuffer(subRange.Address, subRange.Size, SparseBufferAlignmentSize);
+                        CreateBuffer(subRange.Address, subRange.Size, stage, SparseBufferAlignmentSize);
                     }
                     else
                     {
-                        CreateBuffer(subRange.Address, subRange.Size);
+                        CreateBuffer(subRange.Address, subRange.Size, stage);
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -203,11 +206,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// This can be used to ensure the existance of a buffer.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="range">Physical ranges of memory where the buffer data is located</param>
-        public void CreateBuffer(MultiRange range)
+        /// <param name="stage">The type of usage that created the buffer</param>
+        public void CreateBuffer(MultiRange range, BufferStage stage)
         {
             if (range.Count > 1)
             {
-                CreateMultiRangeBuffer(range);
+                CreateMultiRangeBuffer(range, stage);
             }
             else
             {
@@ -215,7 +219,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
 
                 if (subRange.Address != MemoryManager.PteUnmapped)
                 {
-                    CreateBuffer(subRange.Address, subRange.Size);
+                    CreateBuffer(subRange.Address, subRange.Size, stage);
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -226,7 +230,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="address">Address of the buffer in memory</param>
         /// <param name="size">Size of the buffer in bytes</param>
-        public void CreateBuffer(ulong address, ulong size)
+        /// <param name="stage">The type of usage that created the buffer</param>
+        public void CreateBuffer(ulong address, ulong size, BufferStage stage)
         {
             ulong endAddress = address + size;
 
@@ -239,7 +244,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
                 alignedEndAddress += BufferAlignmentSize;
             }
 
-            CreateBufferAligned(alignedAddress, alignedEndAddress - alignedAddress);
+            CreateBufferAligned(alignedAddress, alignedEndAddress - alignedAddress, stage);
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -248,8 +253,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="address">Address of the buffer in memory</param>
         /// <param name="size">Size of the buffer in bytes</param>
+        /// <param name="stage">The type of usage that created the buffer</param>
         /// <param name="alignment">Alignment of the start address of the buffer in bytes</param>
-        public void CreateBuffer(ulong address, ulong size, ulong alignment)
+        public void CreateBuffer(ulong address, ulong size, BufferStage stage, ulong alignment)
         {
             ulong alignmentMask = alignment - 1;
             ulong pageAlignmentMask = BufferAlignmentMask;
@@ -264,7 +270,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
                 alignedEndAddress += pageAlignmentMask;
             }
 
-            CreateBufferAligned(alignedAddress, alignedEndAddress - alignedAddress, alignment);
+            CreateBufferAligned(alignedAddress, alignedEndAddress - alignedAddress, stage, alignment);
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -272,7 +278,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// if it does not exist yet.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="range">Physical ranges of memory</param>
-        private void CreateMultiRangeBuffer(MultiRange range)
+        /// <param name="stage">The type of usage that created the buffer</param>
+        private void CreateMultiRangeBuffer(MultiRange range, BufferStage stage)
         {
             // Ensure all non-contiguous buffer we might use are sparse aligned.
             for (int i = 0; i < range.Count; i++)
@@ -281,7 +288,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
 
                 if (subRange.Address != MemoryManager.PteUnmapped)
                 {
-                    CreateBuffer(subRange.Address, subRange.Size, SparseBufferAlignmentSize);
+                    CreateBuffer(subRange.Address, subRange.Size, stage, SparseBufferAlignmentSize);
                 }
             }
 
@@ -431,9 +438,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
                 result.EndGpuAddress < gpuVa + size ||
                 result.UnmappedSequence != result.Buffer.UnmappedSequence)
             {
-                MultiRange range = TranslateAndCreateBuffer(memoryManager, gpuVa, size);
+                MultiRange range = TranslateAndCreateBuffer(memoryManager, gpuVa, size, BufferStage.Internal);
                 ulong address = range.GetSubRange(0).Address;
-                result = new BufferCacheEntry(address, gpuVa, GetBuffer(address, size));
+                result = new BufferCacheEntry(address, gpuVa, GetBuffer(address, size, BufferStage.Internal));
 
                 _dirtyCache[gpuVa] = result;
             }
@@ -466,9 +473,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
                 result.EndGpuAddress < alignedEndGpuVa ||
                 result.UnmappedSequence != result.Buffer.UnmappedSequence)
             {
-                MultiRange range = TranslateAndCreateBuffer(memoryManager, alignedGpuVa, size);
+                MultiRange range = TranslateAndCreateBuffer(memoryManager, alignedGpuVa, size, BufferStage.None);
                 ulong address = range.GetSubRange(0).Address;
-                result = new BufferCacheEntry(address, alignedGpuVa, GetBuffer(address, size));
+                result = new BufferCacheEntry(address, alignedGpuVa, GetBuffer(address, size, BufferStage.None));
 
                 _modifiedCache[alignedGpuVa] = result;
             }
@@ -485,7 +492,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="address">Address of the buffer in guest memory</param>
         /// <param name="size">Size in bytes of the buffer</param>
-        private void CreateBufferAligned(ulong address, ulong size)
+        /// <param name="stage">The type of usage that created the buffer</param>
+        private void CreateBufferAligned(ulong address, ulong size, BufferStage stage)
         {
             Buffer[] overlaps = _bufferOverlaps;
             int overlapsCount = _buffers.FindOverlapsNonOverlapping(address, size, ref overlaps);
@@ -546,13 +554,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
 
                     ulong newSize = endAddress - address;
 
-                    CreateBufferAligned(address, newSize, anySparseCompatible, overlaps, overlapsCount);
+                    CreateBufferAligned(address, newSize, stage, anySparseCompatible, overlaps, overlapsCount);
                 }
             }
             else
             {
                 // No overlap, just create a new buffer.
-                Buffer buffer = new(_context, _physicalMemory, address, size, sparseCompatible: false);
+                Buffer buffer = new(_context, _physicalMemory, address, size, stage, sparseCompatible: false);
 
                 lock (_buffers)
                 {
@@ -570,8 +578,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="address">Address of the buffer in guest memory</param>
         /// <param name="size">Size in bytes of the buffer</param>
+        /// <param name="stage">The type of usage that created the buffer</param>
         /// <param name="alignment">Alignment of the start address of the buffer</param>
-        private void CreateBufferAligned(ulong address, ulong size, ulong alignment)
+        private void CreateBufferAligned(ulong address, ulong size, BufferStage stage, ulong alignment)
         {
             Buffer[] overlaps = _bufferOverlaps;
             int overlapsCount = _buffers.FindOverlapsNonOverlapping(address, size, ref overlaps);
@@ -624,13 +633,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
 
                     ulong newSize = endAddress - address;
 
-                    CreateBufferAligned(address, newSize, sparseAligned, overlaps, overlapsCount);
+                    CreateBufferAligned(address, newSize, stage, sparseAligned, overlaps, overlapsCount);
                 }
             }
             else
             {
                 // No overlap, just create a new buffer.
-                Buffer buffer = new(_context, _physicalMemory, address, size, sparseAligned);
+                Buffer buffer = new(_context, _physicalMemory, address, size, stage, sparseAligned);
 
                 lock (_buffers)
                 {
@@ -648,12 +657,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="address">Address of the buffer in guest memory</param>
         /// <param name="size">Size in bytes of the buffer</param>
+        /// <param name="stage">The type of usage that created the buffer</param>
         /// <param name="sparseCompatible">Indicates if the buffer can be used in a sparse buffer mapping</param>
         /// <param name="overlaps">Buffers overlapping the range</param>
         /// <param name="overlapsCount">Total of overlaps</param>
-        private void CreateBufferAligned(ulong address, ulong size, bool sparseCompatible, Buffer[] overlaps, int overlapsCount)
+        private void CreateBufferAligned(ulong address, ulong size, BufferStage stage, bool sparseCompatible, Buffer[] overlaps, int overlapsCount)
         {
-            Buffer newBuffer = new Buffer(_context, _physicalMemory, address, size, sparseCompatible, overlaps.Take(overlapsCount));
+            Buffer newBuffer = new Buffer(_context, _physicalMemory, address, size, stage, sparseCompatible, overlaps.Take(overlapsCount));
 
             lock (_buffers)
             {
@@ -704,7 +714,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
 
             for (int index = 0; index < overlapCount; index++)
             {
-                CreateMultiRangeBuffer(overlaps[index].Range);
+                CreateMultiRangeBuffer(overlaps[index].Range, BufferStage.None);
             }
         }
 
@@ -731,8 +741,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// <param name="size">Size in bytes of the copy</param>
         public void CopyBuffer(MemoryManager memoryManager, ulong srcVa, ulong dstVa, ulong size)
         {
-            MultiRange srcRange = TranslateAndCreateMultiBuffersPhysicalOnly(memoryManager, srcVa, size);
-            MultiRange dstRange = TranslateAndCreateMultiBuffersPhysicalOnly(memoryManager, dstVa, size);
+            MultiRange srcRange = TranslateAndCreateMultiBuffersPhysicalOnly(memoryManager, srcVa, size, BufferStage.Copy);
+            MultiRange dstRange = TranslateAndCreateMultiBuffersPhysicalOnly(memoryManager, dstVa, size, BufferStage.Copy);
 
             if (srcRange.Count == 1 && dstRange.Count == 1)
             {
@@ -788,8 +798,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// <param name="size">Size in bytes of the copy</param>
         private void CopyBufferSingleRange(MemoryManager memoryManager, ulong srcAddress, ulong dstAddress, ulong size)
         {
-            Buffer srcBuffer = GetBuffer(srcAddress, size);
-            Buffer dstBuffer = GetBuffer(dstAddress, size);
+            Buffer srcBuffer = GetBuffer(srcAddress, size, BufferStage.Copy);
+            Buffer dstBuffer = GetBuffer(dstAddress, size, BufferStage.Copy);
 
             int srcOffset = (int)(srcAddress - srcBuffer.Address);
             int dstOffset = (int)(dstAddress - dstBuffer.Address);
@@ -803,7 +813,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
 
             if (srcBuffer.IsModified(srcAddress, size))
             {
-                dstBuffer.SignalModified(dstAddress, size);
+                dstBuffer.SignalModified(dstAddress, size, BufferStage.Copy);
             }
             else
             {
@@ -828,12 +838,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// <param name="value">Value to be written into the buffer</param>
         public void ClearBuffer(MemoryManager memoryManager, ulong gpuVa, ulong size, uint value)
         {
-            MultiRange range = TranslateAndCreateMultiBuffersPhysicalOnly(memoryManager, gpuVa, size);
+            MultiRange range = TranslateAndCreateMultiBuffersPhysicalOnly(memoryManager, gpuVa, size, BufferStage.Copy);
 
             for (int index = 0; index < range.Count; index++)
             {
                 MemoryRange subRange = range.GetSubRange(index);
-                Buffer buffer = GetBuffer(subRange.Address, subRange.Size);
+                Buffer buffer = GetBuffer(subRange.Address, subRange.Size, BufferStage.Copy);
 
                 int offset = (int)(subRange.Address - buffer.Address);
 
@@ -849,18 +859,19 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// Gets a buffer sub-range starting at a given memory address, aligned to the next page boundary.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="range">Physical regions of memory where the buffer is mapped</param>
+        /// <param name="stage">Buffer stage that triggered the access</param>
         /// <param name="write">Whether the buffer will be written to by this use</param>
         /// <returns>The buffer sub-range starting at the given memory address</returns>
-        public BufferRange GetBufferRangeAligned(MultiRange range, bool write = false)
+        public BufferRange GetBufferRangeAligned(MultiRange range, BufferStage stage, bool write = false)
         {
             if (range.Count > 1)
             {
-                return GetBuffer(range, write).GetRange(range);
+                return GetBuffer(range, stage, write).GetRange(range);
             }
             else
             {
                 MemoryRange subRange = range.GetSubRange(0);
-                return GetBuffer(subRange.Address, subRange.Size, write).GetRangeAligned(subRange.Address, subRange.Size, write);
+                return GetBuffer(subRange.Address, subRange.Size, stage, write).GetRangeAligned(subRange.Address, subRange.Size, write);
             }
         }
 
@@ -868,18 +879,19 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// Gets a buffer sub-range for a given memory range.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="range">Physical regions of memory where the buffer is mapped</param>
+        /// <param name="stage">Buffer stage that triggered the access</param>
         /// <param name="write">Whether the buffer will be written to by this use</param>
         /// <returns>The buffer sub-range for the given range</returns>
-        public BufferRange GetBufferRange(MultiRange range, bool write = false)
+        public BufferRange GetBufferRange(MultiRange range, BufferStage stage, bool write = false)
         {
             if (range.Count > 1)
             {
-                return GetBuffer(range, write).GetRange(range);
+                return GetBuffer(range, stage, write).GetRange(range);
             }
             else
             {
                 MemoryRange subRange = range.GetSubRange(0);
-                return GetBuffer(subRange.Address, subRange.Size, write).GetRange(subRange.Address, subRange.Size, write);
+                return GetBuffer(subRange.Address, subRange.Size, stage, write).GetRange(subRange.Address, subRange.Size, write);
             }
         }
 
@@ -888,9 +900,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// A buffer overlapping with the specified range is assumed to already exist on the cache.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="range">Physical regions of memory where the buffer is mapped</param>
+        /// <param name="stage">Buffer stage that triggered the access</param>
         /// <param name="write">Whether the buffer will be written to by this use</param>
         /// <returns>The buffer where the range is fully contained</returns>
-        private MultiRangeBuffer GetBuffer(MultiRange range, bool write = false)
+        private MultiRangeBuffer GetBuffer(MultiRange range, BufferStage stage, bool write = false)
         {
             for (int i = 0; i < range.Count; i++)
             {
@@ -902,7 +915,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
 
                 if (write)
                 {
-                    subBuffer.SignalModified(subRange.Address, subRange.Size);
+                    subBuffer.SignalModified(subRange.Address, subRange.Size, stage);
                 }
             }
 
@@ -935,9 +948,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="address">Start address of the memory range</param>
         /// <param name="size">Size in bytes of the memory range</param>
+        /// <param name="stage">Buffer stage that triggered the access</param>
         /// <param name="write">Whether the buffer will be written to by this use</param>
         /// <returns>The buffer where the range is fully contained</returns>
-        private Buffer GetBuffer(ulong address, ulong size, bool write = false)
+        private Buffer GetBuffer(ulong address, ulong size, BufferStage stage, bool write = false)
         {
             Buffer buffer;
 
@@ -950,7 +964,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
 
                 if (write)
                 {
-                    buffer.SignalModified(address, size);
+                    buffer.SignalModified(address, size, stage);
                 }
             }
             else
@@ -1004,6 +1018,18 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
             }
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Signal that the given buffer's handle has changed,
+        /// forcing rebind and any overlapping multi-range buffers to be recreated.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="buffer">The buffer that has changed handle</param>
+        public void BufferBackingChanged(Buffer buffer)
+        {
+            NotifyBuffersModified?.Invoke();
+
+            RecreateMultiRangeBuffers(buffer.Address, buffer.Size);
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Prune any invalid entries from a quick access dictionary.
         /// </summary>

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Memory/BufferManager.cs

@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// <param name="type">Type of each index buffer element</param>
         public void SetIndexBuffer(ulong gpuVa, ulong size, IndexType type)
         {
-            MultiRange range = _channel.MemoryManager.Physical.BufferCache.TranslateAndCreateBuffer(_channel.MemoryManager, gpuVa, size);
+            MultiRange range = _channel.MemoryManager.Physical.BufferCache.TranslateAndCreateBuffer(_channel.MemoryManager, gpuVa, size, BufferStage.IndexBuffer);
 
             _indexBuffer.Range = range;
             _indexBuffer.Type = type;
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// <param name="divisor">Vertex divisor of the buffer, for instanced draws</param>
         public void SetVertexBuffer(int index, ulong gpuVa, ulong size, int stride, int divisor)
         {
-            MultiRange range = _channel.MemoryManager.Physical.BufferCache.TranslateAndCreateBuffer(_channel.MemoryManager, gpuVa, size);
+            MultiRange range = _channel.MemoryManager.Physical.BufferCache.TranslateAndCreateBuffer(_channel.MemoryManager, gpuVa, size, BufferStage.VertexBuffer);
 
             _vertexBuffers[index].Range = range;
             _vertexBuffers[index].Stride = stride;
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// <param name="size">Size in bytes of the transform feedback buffer</param>
         public void SetTransformFeedbackBuffer(int index, ulong gpuVa, ulong size)
         {
-            MultiRange range = _channel.MemoryManager.Physical.BufferCache.TranslateAndCreateMultiBuffers(_channel.MemoryManager, gpuVa, size);
+            MultiRange range = _channel.MemoryManager.Physical.BufferCache.TranslateAndCreateMultiBuffers(_channel.MemoryManager, gpuVa, size, BufferStage.TransformFeedback);
 
             _transformFeedbackBuffers[index] = new BufferBounds(range);
             _transformFeedbackBuffersDirty = true;
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
 
             gpuVa = BitUtils.AlignDown<ulong>(gpuVa, (ulong)_context.Capabilities.StorageBufferOffsetAlignment);
 
-            MultiRange range = _channel.MemoryManager.Physical.BufferCache.TranslateAndCreateMultiBuffers(_channel.MemoryManager, gpuVa, size);
+            MultiRange range = _channel.MemoryManager.Physical.BufferCache.TranslateAndCreateMultiBuffers(_channel.MemoryManager, gpuVa, size, BufferStageUtils.ComputeStorage(flags));
 
             _cpStorageBuffers.SetBounds(index, range, flags);
         }
@@ -284,7 +284,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
 
             gpuVa = BitUtils.AlignDown<ulong>(gpuVa, (ulong)_context.Capabilities.StorageBufferOffsetAlignment);
 
-            MultiRange range = _channel.MemoryManager.Physical.BufferCache.TranslateAndCreateMultiBuffers(_channel.MemoryManager, gpuVa, size);
+            MultiRange range = _channel.MemoryManager.Physical.BufferCache.TranslateAndCreateMultiBuffers(_channel.MemoryManager, gpuVa, size, BufferStageUtils.GraphicsStorage(stage, flags));
 
             if (!buffers.Buffers[index].Range.Equals(range))
             {
@@ -303,7 +303,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// <param name="size">Size in bytes of the storage buffer</param>
         public void SetComputeUniformBuffer(int index, ulong gpuVa, ulong size)
         {
-            MultiRange range = _channel.MemoryManager.Physical.BufferCache.TranslateAndCreateBuffer(_channel.MemoryManager, gpuVa, size);
+            MultiRange range = _channel.MemoryManager.Physical.BufferCache.TranslateAndCreateBuffer(_channel.MemoryManager, gpuVa, size, BufferStage.Compute);
 
             _cpUniformBuffers.SetBounds(index, range);
         }
@@ -318,7 +318,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// <param name="size">Size in bytes of the storage buffer</param>
         public void SetGraphicsUniformBuffer(int stage, int index, ulong gpuVa, ulong size)
         {
-            MultiRange range = _channel.MemoryManager.Physical.BufferCache.TranslateAndCreateBuffer(_channel.MemoryManager, gpuVa, size);
+            MultiRange range = _channel.MemoryManager.Physical.BufferCache.TranslateAndCreateBuffer(_channel.MemoryManager, gpuVa, size, BufferStageUtils.FromShaderStage(stage));
 
             _gpUniformBuffers[stage].SetBounds(index, range);
             _gpUniformBuffersDirty = true;
@@ -502,7 +502,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
                 foreach (var binding in _bufferTextures)
                 {
                     var isStore = binding.BindingInfo.Flags.HasFlag(TextureUsageFlags.ImageStore);
-                    var range = bufferCache.GetBufferRange(binding.Range, isStore);
+                    var range = bufferCache.GetBufferRange(binding.Range, BufferStageUtils.TextureBuffer(binding.Stage, binding.BindingInfo.Flags), isStore);
                     binding.Texture.SetStorage(range);
 
                     // The texture must be rebound to use the new storage if it was updated.
@@ -526,7 +526,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
 
                 foreach (var binding in _bufferTextureArrays)
                 {
-                    var range = bufferCache.GetBufferRange(binding.Range);
+                    var range = bufferCache.GetBufferRange(binding.Range, BufferStage.None);
                     binding.Texture.SetStorage(range);
 
                     textureArray[0] = binding.Texture;
@@ -536,7 +536,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
                 foreach (var binding in _bufferImageArrays)
                 {
                     var isStore = binding.BindingInfo.Flags.HasFlag(TextureUsageFlags.ImageStore);
-                    var range = bufferCache.GetBufferRange(binding.Range, isStore);
+                    var range = bufferCache.GetBufferRange(binding.Range, BufferStage.None, isStore);
                     binding.Texture.SetStorage(range);
 
                     textureArray[0] = binding.Texture;
@@ -565,7 +565,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
 
                     if (!_indexBuffer.Range.IsUnmapped)
                     {
-                        BufferRange buffer = bufferCache.GetBufferRange(_indexBuffer.Range);
+                        BufferRange buffer = bufferCache.GetBufferRange(_indexBuffer.Range, BufferStage.IndexBuffer);
 
                         _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetIndexBuffer(buffer, _indexBuffer.Type);
                     }
@@ -597,7 +597,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
                         continue;
                     }
 
-                    BufferRange buffer = bufferCache.GetBufferRange(vb.Range);
+                    BufferRange buffer = bufferCache.GetBufferRange(vb.Range, BufferStage.VertexBuffer);
 
                     vertexBuffers[index] = new VertexBufferDescriptor(buffer, vb.Stride, vb.Divisor);
                 }
@@ -637,7 +637,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
                             continue;
                         }
 
-                        tfbs[index] = bufferCache.GetBufferRange(tfb.Range, write: true);
+                        tfbs[index] = bufferCache.GetBufferRange(tfb.Range, BufferStage.TransformFeedback, write: true);
                     }
 
                     _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetTransformFeedbackBuffers(tfbs);
@@ -684,7 +684,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
 
                             _context.SupportBufferUpdater.SetTfeOffset(index, tfeOffset);
 
-                            buffers[index] = new BufferAssignment(index, bufferCache.GetBufferRange(range, write: true));
+                            buffers[index] = new BufferAssignment(index, bufferCache.GetBufferRange(range, BufferStage.TransformFeedback, write: true));
                         }
                     }
 
@@ -751,6 +751,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
             for (ShaderStage stage = ShaderStage.Vertex; stage <= ShaderStage.Fragment; stage++)
             {
                 ref var buffers = ref bindings[(int)stage - 1];
+                BufferStage bufferStage = BufferStageUtils.FromShaderStage(stage);
 
                 for (int index = 0; index < buffers.Count; index++)
                 {
@@ -762,8 +763,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
                     {
                         var isWrite = bounds.Flags.HasFlag(BufferUsageFlags.Write);
                         var range = isStorage
-                            ? bufferCache.GetBufferRangeAligned(bounds.Range, isWrite)
-                            : bufferCache.GetBufferRange(bounds.Range);
+                            ? bufferCache.GetBufferRangeAligned(bounds.Range, bufferStage | BufferStageUtils.FromUsage(bounds.Flags), isWrite)
+                            : bufferCache.GetBufferRange(bounds.Range, bufferStage);
 
                         ranges[rangesCount++] = new BufferAssignment(bindingInfo.Binding, range);
                     }
@@ -799,8 +800,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
                 {
                     var isWrite = bounds.Flags.HasFlag(BufferUsageFlags.Write);
                     var range = isStorage
-                        ? bufferCache.GetBufferRangeAligned(bounds.Range, isWrite)
-                        : bufferCache.GetBufferRange(bounds.Range);
+                        ? bufferCache.GetBufferRangeAligned(bounds.Range, BufferStageUtils.ComputeStorage(bounds.Flags), isWrite)
+                        : bufferCache.GetBufferRange(bounds.Range, BufferStage.Compute);
 
                     ranges[rangesCount++] = new BufferAssignment(bindingInfo.Binding, range);
                 }
@@ -875,7 +876,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
             Format format,
             bool isImage)
         {
-            _channel.MemoryManager.Physical.BufferCache.CreateBuffer(range);
+            _channel.MemoryManager.Physical.BufferCache.CreateBuffer(range, BufferStageUtils.TextureBuffer(stage, bindingInfo.Flags));
 
             _bufferTextures.Add(new BufferTextureBinding(stage, texture, range, bindingInfo, format, isImage));
         }
@@ -883,6 +884,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// <summary>
         /// Sets the buffer storage of a buffer texture array element. This will be bound when the buffer manager commits bindings.
         /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="stage">Shader stage accessing the texture</param>
         /// <param name="array">Texture array where the element will be inserted</param>
         /// <param name="texture">Buffer texture</param>
         /// <param name="range">Physical ranges of memory where the buffer texture data is located</param>
@@ -890,6 +892,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// <param name="index">Index of the binding on the array</param>
         /// <param name="format">Format of the buffer texture</param>
         public void SetBufferTextureStorage(
+            ShaderStage stage,
             ITextureArray array,
             ITexture texture,
             MultiRange range,
@@ -897,7 +900,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
             int index,
             Format format)
         {
-            _channel.MemoryManager.Physical.BufferCache.CreateBuffer(range);
+            _channel.MemoryManager.Physical.BufferCache.CreateBuffer(range, BufferStageUtils.TextureBuffer(stage, bindingInfo.Flags));
 
             _bufferTextureArrays.Add(new BufferTextureArrayBinding<ITextureArray>(array, texture, range, bindingInfo, index, format));
         }
@@ -905,6 +908,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// <summary>
         /// Sets the buffer storage of a buffer image array element. This will be bound when the buffer manager commits bindings.
         /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="stage">Shader stage accessing the texture</param>
         /// <param name="array">Image array where the element will be inserted</param>
         /// <param name="texture">Buffer texture</param>
         /// <param name="range">Physical ranges of memory where the buffer texture data is located</param>
@@ -912,6 +916,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// <param name="index">Index of the binding on the array</param>
         /// <param name="format">Format of the buffer texture</param>
         public void SetBufferTextureStorage(
+            ShaderStage stage,
             IImageArray array,
             ITexture texture,
             MultiRange range,
@@ -919,7 +924,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
             int index,
             Format format)
         {
-            _channel.MemoryManager.Physical.BufferCache.CreateBuffer(range);
+            _channel.MemoryManager.Physical.BufferCache.CreateBuffer(range, BufferStageUtils.TextureBuffer(stage, bindingInfo.Flags));
 
             _bufferImageArrays.Add(new BufferTextureArrayBinding<IImageArray>(array, texture, range, bindingInfo, index, format));
         }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Memory/BufferMigration.cs

@@ -1,37 +1,21 @@
 using System;
+using System.Threading;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
 {
     /// <summary>
-    /// A record of when buffer data was copied from one buffer to another, along with the SyncNumber when the migration will be complete.
-    /// Keeps the source buffer alive for data flushes until the migration is complete.
+    /// A record of when buffer data was copied from multiple buffers to one migration target,
+    /// along with the SyncNumber when the migration will be complete.
+    /// Keeps the source buffers alive for data flushes until the migration is complete.
+    /// All spans cover the full range of the "destination" buffer.
     /// </summary>
     internal class BufferMigration : IDisposable
     {
         /// <summary>
-        /// The offset for the migrated region.
+        /// Ranges from source buffers that were copied as part of this migration.
+        /// Ordered by increasing base address.
         /// </summary>
-        private readonly ulong _offset;
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// The size for the migrated region.
-        /// </summary>
-        private readonly ulong _size;
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// The buffer that was migrated from.
-        /// </summary>
-        private readonly Buffer _buffer;
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// The source range action, to be called on overlap with an unreached sync number.
-        /// </summary>
-        private readonly Action<ulong, ulong> _sourceRangeAction;
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// The source range list.
-        /// </summary>
-        private readonly BufferModifiedRangeList _source;
+        public BufferMigrationSpan[] Spans { get; private set; }
 
         /// <summary>
         /// The destination range list. This range list must be updated when flushing the source.
@@ -43,55 +27,193 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// </summary>
         public readonly ulong SyncNumber;
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Number of active users there are traversing this migration's spans.
+        /// </summary>
+        private int _refCount;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Create a new buffer migration.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="spans">Source spans for the migration</param>
+        /// <param name="destination">Destination buffer range list</param>
+        /// <param name="syncNumber">Sync number where this migration will be complete</param>
+        public BufferMigration(BufferMigrationSpan[] spans, BufferModifiedRangeList destination, ulong syncNumber)
+        {
+            Spans = spans;
+            Destination = destination;
+            SyncNumber = syncNumber;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Add a span to the migration. Allocates a new array with the target size, and replaces it.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// The base address for the span is assumed to be higher than all other spans in the migration,
+        /// to keep the span array ordered.
+        /// </remarks>
+        public void AddSpanToEnd(BufferMigrationSpan span)
+        {
+            BufferMigrationSpan[] oldSpans = Spans;
+
+            BufferMigrationSpan[] newSpans = new BufferMigrationSpan[oldSpans.Length + 1];
+
+            oldSpans.CopyTo(newSpans, 0);
+
+            newSpans[oldSpans.Length] = span;
+
+            Spans = newSpans;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Performs the given range action, or one from a migration that overlaps and has not synced yet.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="offset">The offset to pass to the action</param>
+        /// <param name="size">The size to pass to the action</param>
+        /// <param name="syncNumber">The sync number that has been reached</param>
+        /// <param name="rangeAction">The action to perform</param>
+        public void RangeActionWithMigration(ulong offset, ulong size, ulong syncNumber, BufferFlushAction rangeAction)
+        {
+            long syncDiff = (long)(syncNumber - SyncNumber);
+
+            if (syncDiff >= 0)
+            {
+                // The migration has completed. Run the parent action.
+                rangeAction(offset, size, syncNumber);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                Interlocked.Increment(ref _refCount);
+
+                ulong prevAddress = offset;
+                ulong endAddress = offset + size;
+
+                foreach (BufferMigrationSpan span in Spans)
+                {
+                    if (!span.Overlaps(offset, size))
+                    {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    if (span.Address > prevAddress)
+                    {
+                        // There's a gap between this span and the last (or the start address). Flush the range using the parent action.
+
+                        rangeAction(prevAddress, span.Address - prevAddress, syncNumber);
+                    }
+
+                    span.RangeActionWithMigration(offset, size, syncNumber);
+
+                    prevAddress = span.Address + span.Size;
+                }
+
+                if (endAddress > prevAddress)
+                {
+                    // There's a gap at the end of the range with no migration. Flush the range using the parent action.
+                    rangeAction(prevAddress, endAddress - prevAddress, syncNumber);
+                }
+
+                Interlocked.Decrement(ref _refCount);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Dispose the buffer migration. This removes the reference from the destination range list,
+        /// and runs all the dispose buffers for the migration spans. (typically disposes the source buffer)
+        /// </summary>
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            while (Volatile.Read(ref _refCount) > 0)
+            {
+                // Coming into this method, the sync for the migration will be met, so nothing can increment the ref count.
+                // However, an existing traversal of the spans for data flush could still be in progress.
+                // Spin if this is ever the case, so they don't get disposed before the operation is complete.
+            }
+
+            Destination.RemoveMigration(this);
+
+            foreach (BufferMigrationSpan span in Spans)
+            {
+                span.Dispose();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// A record of when buffer data was copied from one buffer to another, for a specific range in a source buffer.
+    /// Keeps the source buffer alive for data flushes until the migration is complete.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal readonly struct BufferMigrationSpan : IDisposable
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The offset for the migrated region.
+        /// </summary>
+        public readonly ulong Address;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The size for the migrated region.
+        /// </summary>
+        public readonly ulong Size;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The action to perform when the migration isn't needed anymore.
+        /// </summary>
+        private readonly Action _disposeAction;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The source range action, to be called on overlap with an unreached sync number.
+        /// </summary>
+        private readonly BufferFlushAction _sourceRangeAction;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Optional migration for the source data. Can chain together if many migrations happen in a short time.
+        /// If this is null, then _sourceRangeAction will always provide up to date data.
+        /// </summary>
+        private readonly BufferMigration _source;
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Creates a record for a buffer migration.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="buffer">The source buffer for this migration</param>
+        /// <param name="disposeAction">The action to perform when the migration isn't needed anymore</param>
         /// <param name="sourceRangeAction">The flush action for the source buffer</param>
-        /// <param name="source">The modified range list for the source buffer</param>
-        /// <param name="dest">The modified range list for the destination buffer</param>
-        /// <param name="syncNumber">The sync number for when the migration is complete</param>
-        public BufferMigration(
+        /// <param name="source">Pending migration for the source buffer</param>
+        public BufferMigrationSpan(
             Buffer buffer,
-            Action<ulong, ulong> sourceRangeAction,
-            BufferModifiedRangeList source,
-            BufferModifiedRangeList dest,
-            ulong syncNumber)
+            Action disposeAction,
+            BufferFlushAction sourceRangeAction,
+            BufferMigration source)
         {
-            _offset = buffer.Address;
-            _size = buffer.Size;
-            _buffer = buffer;
+            Address = buffer.Address;
+            Size = buffer.Size;
+            _disposeAction = disposeAction;
             _sourceRangeAction = sourceRangeAction;
             _source = source;
-            Destination = dest;
-            SyncNumber = syncNumber;
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a record for a buffer migration, using the default buffer dispose action.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="buffer">The source buffer for this migration</param>
+        /// <param name="sourceRangeAction">The flush action for the source buffer</param>
+        /// <param name="source">Pending migration for the source buffer</param>
+        public BufferMigrationSpan(
+            Buffer buffer,
+            BufferFlushAction sourceRangeAction,
+            BufferMigration source) : this(buffer, buffer.DecrementReferenceCount, sourceRangeAction, source) { }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Determine if the given range overlaps this migration, and has not been completed yet.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="offset">Start offset</param>
         /// <param name="size">Range size</param>
-        /// <param name="syncNumber">The sync number that was waited on</param>
         /// <returns>True if overlapping and in progress, false otherwise</returns>
-        public bool Overlaps(ulong offset, ulong size, ulong syncNumber)
+        public bool Overlaps(ulong offset, ulong size)
         {
             ulong end = offset + size;
-            ulong destEnd = _offset + _size;
-            long syncDiff = (long)(syncNumber - SyncNumber); // syncNumber is less if the copy has not completed.
+            ulong destEnd = Address + Size;
 
-            return !(end <= _offset || offset >= destEnd) && syncDiff < 0;
-        }
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Determine if the given range matches this migration.
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="offset">Start offset</param>
-        /// <param name="size">Range size</param>
-        /// <returns>True if the range exactly matches, false otherwise</returns>
-        public bool FullyMatches(ulong offset, ulong size)
-        {
-            return _offset == offset && _size == size;
+            return !(end <= Address || offset >= destEnd);
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -100,26 +222,30 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// <param name="offset">Start offset</param>
         /// <param name="size">Range size</param>
         /// <param name="syncNumber">Current sync number</param>
-        /// <param name="parent">The modified range list that originally owned this range</param>
-        public void RangeActionWithMigration(ulong offset, ulong size, ulong syncNumber, BufferModifiedRangeList parent)
+        public void RangeActionWithMigration(ulong offset, ulong size, ulong syncNumber)
         {
             ulong end = offset + size;
-            end = Math.Min(_offset + _size, end);
-            offset = Math.Max(_offset, offset);
+            end = Math.Min(Address + Size, end);
+            offset = Math.Max(Address, offset);
 
             size = end - offset;
 
-            _source.RangeActionWithMigration(offset, size, syncNumber, parent, _sourceRangeAction);
+            if (_source != null)
+            {
+                _source.RangeActionWithMigration(offset, size, syncNumber, _sourceRangeAction);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                _sourceRangeAction(offset, size, syncNumber);
+            }
         }
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Removes this reference to the range list, potentially allowing for the source buffer to be disposed.
+        /// Removes this migration span, potentially allowing for the source buffer to be disposed.
         /// </summary>
         public void Dispose()
         {
-            Destination.RemoveMigration(this);
-
-            _buffer.DecrementReferenceCount();
+            _disposeAction();
         }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Memory/BufferModifiedRangeList.cs

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 using Ryujinx.Common.Pools;
 using Ryujinx.Memory.Range;
 using System;
-using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Linq;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
@@ -72,10 +71,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
 
         private readonly GpuContext _context;
         private readonly Buffer _parent;
-        private readonly Action<ulong, ulong> _flushAction;
+        private readonly BufferFlushAction _flushAction;
 
-        private List<BufferMigration> _sources;
-        private BufferMigration _migrationTarget;
+        private BufferMigration _source;
+        private BufferModifiedRangeList _migrationTarget;
 
         private readonly object _lock = new();
 
@@ -99,7 +98,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// <param name="context">GPU context that the buffer range list belongs to</param>
         /// <param name="parent">The parent buffer that owns this range list</param>
         /// <param name="flushAction">The flush action for the parent buffer</param>
-        public BufferModifiedRangeList(GpuContext context, Buffer parent, Action<ulong, ulong> flushAction) : base(BackingInitialSize)
+        public BufferModifiedRangeList(GpuContext context, Buffer parent, BufferFlushAction flushAction) : base(BackingInitialSize)
         {
             _context = context;
             _parent = parent;
@@ -199,6 +198,36 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
             }
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets modified ranges within the specified region, and then fires the given action for each range individually.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="address">Start address to query</param>
+        /// <param name="size">Size to query</param>
+        /// <param name="syncNumber">Sync number required for a range to be signalled</param>
+        /// <param name="rangeAction">The action to call for each modified range</param>
+        public void GetRangesAtSync(ulong address, ulong size, ulong syncNumber, Action<ulong, ulong> rangeAction)
+        {
+            int count = 0;
+
+            ref var overlaps = ref ThreadStaticArray<BufferModifiedRange>.Get();
+
+            // Range list must be consistent for this operation.
+            lock (_lock)
+            {
+                count = FindOverlapsNonOverlapping(address, size, ref overlaps);
+            }
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < count; i++)
+            {
+                BufferModifiedRange overlap = overlaps[i];
+
+                if (overlap.SyncNumber == syncNumber)
+                {
+                    rangeAction(overlap.Address, overlap.Size);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Gets modified ranges within the specified region, and then fires the given action for each range individually.
         /// </summary>
@@ -245,41 +274,16 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// <param name="offset">The offset to pass to the action</param>
         /// <param name="size">The size to pass to the action</param>
         /// <param name="syncNumber">The sync number that has been reached</param>
-        /// <param name="parent">The modified range list that originally owned this range</param>
         /// <param name="rangeAction">The action to perform</param>
-        public void RangeActionWithMigration(ulong offset, ulong size, ulong syncNumber, BufferModifiedRangeList parent, Action<ulong, ulong> rangeAction)
+        public void RangeActionWithMigration(ulong offset, ulong size, ulong syncNumber, BufferFlushAction rangeAction)
         {
-            bool firstSource = true;
-
-            if (parent != this)
+            if (_source != null)
             {
-                lock (_lock)
-                {
-                    if (_sources != null)
-                    {
-                        foreach (BufferMigration source in _sources)
-                        {
-                            if (source.Overlaps(offset, size, syncNumber))
-                            {
-                                if (firstSource && !source.FullyMatches(offset, size))
-                                {
-                                    // Perform this buffer's action first. The migrations will run after.
-                                    rangeAction(offset, size);
+                _source.RangeActionWithMigration(offset, size, syncNumber, rangeAction);
             }
-
-                                source.RangeActionWithMigration(offset, size, syncNumber, parent);
-
-                                firstSource = false;
-                            }
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-
-            if (firstSource)
+            else
             {
-                // No overlapping migrations, or they are not meant for this range, flush the data using the given action.
-                rangeAction(offset, size);
+                rangeAction(offset, size, syncNumber);
             }
         }
 
@@ -319,7 +323,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
 
                             ClearPart(overlap, clampAddress, clampEnd);
 
-                            RangeActionWithMigration(clampAddress, clampEnd - clampAddress, waitSync, overlap.Parent, _flushAction);
+                            RangeActionWithMigration(clampAddress, clampEnd - clampAddress, waitSync, _flushAction);
                         }
                     }
 
@@ -329,7 +333,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
 
             // There is a migration target to call instead. This can't be changed after set so accessing it outside the lock is fine.
 
-            _migrationTarget.Destination.RemoveRangesAndFlush(overlaps, rangeCount, highestDiff, currentSync, address, endAddress);
+            _migrationTarget.RemoveRangesAndFlush(overlaps, rangeCount, highestDiff, currentSync, address, endAddress);
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -367,7 +371,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
 
             if (rangeCount == -1)
             {
-                _migrationTarget.Destination.WaitForAndFlushRanges(address, size);
+                _migrationTarget.WaitForAndFlushRanges(address, size);
 
                 return;
             }
@@ -407,6 +411,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// <summary>
         /// Inherit ranges from another modified range list.
         /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// Assumes that ranges will be inherited in address ascending order.
+        /// </remarks>
         /// <param name="ranges">The range list to inherit from</param>
         /// <param name="registerRangeAction">The action to call for each modified range</param>
         public void InheritRanges(BufferModifiedRangeList ranges, Action<ulong, ulong> registerRangeAction)
@@ -415,18 +422,31 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
 
             lock (ranges._lock)
             {
-                BufferMigration migration = new(ranges._parent, ranges._flushAction, ranges, this, _context.SyncNumber);
-
-                ranges._parent.IncrementReferenceCount();
-                ranges._migrationTarget = migration;
-
-                _context.RegisterBufferMigration(migration);
-
                 inheritRanges = ranges.ToArray();
 
                 lock (_lock)
                 {
-                    (_sources ??= new List<BufferMigration>()).Add(migration);
+                    // Copy over the migration from the previous range list
+
+                    BufferMigration oldMigration = ranges._source;
+
+                    BufferMigrationSpan span = new BufferMigrationSpan(ranges._parent, ranges._flushAction, oldMigration);
+                    ranges._parent.IncrementReferenceCount();
+
+                    if (_source == null)
+                    {
+                        // Create a new migration. 
+                        _source = new BufferMigration(new BufferMigrationSpan[] { span }, this, _context.SyncNumber);
+
+                        _context.RegisterBufferMigration(_source);
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        // Extend the migration
+                        _source.AddSpanToEnd(span);
+                    }
+
+                    ranges._migrationTarget = this;
 
                     foreach (BufferModifiedRange range in inheritRanges)
                     {
@@ -445,6 +465,27 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
             }
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Register a migration from previous buffer storage. This migration is from a snapshot of the buffer's
+        /// current handle to its handle in the future, and is assumed to be complete when the sync action completes.
+        /// When the migration completes, the handle is disposed.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void SelfMigration()
+        {
+            lock (_lock)
+            {
+                BufferMigrationSpan span = new(_parent, _parent.GetSnapshotDisposeAction(), _parent.GetSnapshotFlushAction(), _source);
+                BufferMigration migration = new(new BufferMigrationSpan[] { span }, this, _context.SyncNumber);
+
+                // Migration target is used to redirect flush actions to the latest range list,
+                // so we don't need to set it here. (this range list is still the latest)
+
+                _context.RegisterBufferMigration(migration);
+
+                _source = migration;
+            }
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Removes a source buffer migration, indicating its copy has completed.
         /// </summary>
@@ -453,7 +494,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         {
             lock (_lock)
             {
-                _sources.Remove(migration);
+                if (_source == migration)
+                {
+                    _source = null;
+                }
             }
         }
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Memory/BufferPreFlush.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,295 @@
+using Ryujinx.Common;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL;
+using System;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Manages flushing ranges from buffers in advance for easy access, if they are flushed often.
+    /// Typically, from device local memory to a host mapped target for cached access.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal class BufferPreFlush : IDisposable
+    {
+        private const ulong PageSize = MemoryManager.PageSize;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Threshold for the number of copies without a flush required to disable preflush on a page.
+        /// </summary>
+        private const int DeactivateCopyThreshold = 200;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Value that indicates whether a page has been flushed or copied before.
+        /// </summary>
+        private enum PreFlushState
+        {
+            None,
+            HasFlushed,
+            HasCopied
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Flush state for each page of the buffer.
+        /// Controls whether data should be copied to the flush buffer, what sync is expected
+        /// and unflushed copy counting for stopping copies that are no longer needed.
+        /// </summary>
+        private struct PreFlushPage
+        {
+            public PreFlushState State;
+            public ulong FirstActivatedSync;
+            public ulong LastCopiedSync;
+            public int CopyCount;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// True if there are ranges that should copy to the flush buffer, false otherwise.
+        /// </summary>
+        public bool ShouldCopy { get; private set; }
+
+        private readonly GpuContext _context;
+        private readonly Buffer _buffer;
+        private readonly PreFlushPage[] _pages;
+        private readonly ulong _address;
+        private readonly ulong _size;
+        private readonly ulong _misalignment;
+        private readonly Action<BufferHandle, ulong, ulong> _flushAction;
+
+        private BufferHandle _flushBuffer;
+
+        public BufferPreFlush(GpuContext context, Buffer parent, Action<BufferHandle, ulong, ulong> flushAction)
+        {
+            _context = context;
+            _buffer = parent;
+            _address = parent.Address;
+            _size = parent.Size;
+            _pages = new PreFlushPage[BitUtils.DivRoundUp(_size, PageSize)];
+            _misalignment = _address & (PageSize - 1);
+
+            _flushAction = flushAction;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Ensure that the flush buffer exists.
+        /// </summary>
+        private void EnsureFlushBuffer()
+        {
+            if (_flushBuffer == BufferHandle.Null)
+            {
+                _flushBuffer = _context.Renderer.CreateBuffer((int)_size, BufferAccess.HostMemory);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets a page range from an address and size byte range.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="address">Range address</param>
+        /// <param name="size">Range size</param>
+        /// <returns>A page index and count</returns>
+        private (int index, int count) GetPageRange(ulong address, ulong size)
+        {
+            ulong offset = address - _address;
+            ulong endOffset = offset + size;
+
+            int basePage = (int)(offset / PageSize);
+            int endPage = (int)((endOffset - 1) / PageSize);
+
+            return (basePage, 1 + endPage - basePage);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets an offset and size range in the parent buffer from a page index and count.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="startPage">Range start page</param>
+        /// <param name="count">Range page count</param>
+        /// <returns>Offset and size range</returns>
+        private (int offset, int size) GetOffset(int startPage, int count)
+        {
+            int offset = (int)((ulong)startPage * PageSize - _misalignment);
+            int endOffset = (int)((ulong)(startPage + count) * PageSize - _misalignment);
+
+            offset = Math.Max(0, offset);
+            endOffset = Math.Min((int)_size, endOffset);
+
+            return (offset, endOffset - offset);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Copy a range of pages from the parent buffer into the flush buffer.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="startPage">Range start page</param>
+        /// <param name="count">Range page count</param>
+        private void CopyPageRange(int startPage, int count)
+        {
+            (int offset, int size) = GetOffset(startPage, count);
+
+            EnsureFlushBuffer();
+
+            _context.Renderer.Pipeline.CopyBuffer(_buffer.Handle, _flushBuffer, offset, offset, size);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Copy a modified range into the flush buffer if it's marked as flushed.
+        /// Any pages the range overlaps are copied, and copies aren't repeated in the same sync number.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="address">Range address</param>
+        /// <param name="size">Range size</param>
+        public void CopyModified(ulong address, ulong size)
+        {
+            (int baseIndex, int count) = GetPageRange(address, size);
+            ulong syncNumber = _context.SyncNumber;
+
+            int startPage = -1;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < count; i++)
+            {
+                int pageIndex = baseIndex + i;
+                ref PreFlushPage page = ref _pages[pageIndex];
+
+                if (page.State > PreFlushState.None)
+                {
+                    // Perform the copy, and update the state of each page.
+                    if (startPage == -1)
+                    {
+                        startPage = pageIndex;
+                    }
+
+                    if (page.State != PreFlushState.HasCopied)
+                    {
+                        page.FirstActivatedSync = syncNumber;
+                        page.State = PreFlushState.HasCopied;
+                    }
+                    else if (page.CopyCount++ >= DeactivateCopyThreshold)
+                    {
+                        page.CopyCount = 0;
+                        page.State = PreFlushState.None;
+                    }
+
+                    if (page.LastCopiedSync != syncNumber)
+                    {
+                        page.LastCopiedSync = syncNumber;
+                    }
+                }
+                else if (startPage != -1)
+                {
+                    CopyPageRange(startPage, pageIndex - startPage);
+
+                    startPage = -1;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (startPage != -1)
+            {
+                CopyPageRange(startPage, (baseIndex + count) - startPage);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Flush the given page range back into guest memory, optionally using data from the flush buffer.
+        /// The actual flushed range is an intersection of the page range and the address range.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="address">Address range start</param>
+        /// <param name="size">Address range size</param>
+        /// <param name="startPage">Page range start</param>
+        /// <param name="count">Page range count</param>
+        /// <param name="preFlush">True if the data should come from the flush buffer</param>
+        private void FlushPageRange(ulong address, ulong size, int startPage, int count, bool preFlush)
+        {
+            (int pageOffset, int pageSize) = GetOffset(startPage, count);
+
+            int offset = (int)(address - _address);
+            int end = offset + (int)size;
+
+            offset = Math.Max(offset, pageOffset);
+            end = Math.Min(end, pageOffset + pageSize);
+
+            if (end >= offset)
+            {
+                BufferHandle handle = preFlush ? _flushBuffer : _buffer.Handle;
+                _flushAction(handle, _address + (ulong)offset, (ulong)(end - offset));
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Flush the given address range back into guest memory, optionally using data from the flush buffer.
+        /// When a copy has been performed on or before the waited sync number, the data can come from the flush buffer.
+        /// Otherwise, it flushes the parent buffer directly.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="address">Range address</param>
+        /// <param name="size">Range size</param>
+        /// <param name="syncNumber">Sync number that has been waited for</param>
+        public void FlushWithAction(ulong address, ulong size, ulong syncNumber)
+        {
+            // Copy the parts of the range that have pre-flush copies that have been completed.
+            // Run the flush action for ranges that don't have pre-flush copies.
+
+            // If a range doesn't have a pre-flush copy, consider adding one.
+
+            (int baseIndex, int count) = GetPageRange(address, size);
+
+            bool rangePreFlushed = false;
+            int startPage = -1;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < count; i++)
+            {
+                int pageIndex = baseIndex + i;
+                ref PreFlushPage page = ref _pages[pageIndex];
+
+                bool flushPage = false;
+                page.CopyCount = 0;
+
+                if (page.State == PreFlushState.HasCopied)
+                {
+                    if (syncNumber >= page.FirstActivatedSync)
+                    {
+                        // After the range is first activated, its data will always be copied to the preflush buffer on each sync.
+                        flushPage = true;
+                    }
+                }
+                else if (page.State == PreFlushState.None)
+                {
+                    page.State = PreFlushState.HasFlushed;
+                    ShouldCopy = true;
+                }
+
+                if (flushPage)
+                {
+                    if (!rangePreFlushed || startPage == -1)
+                    {
+                        if (startPage != -1)
+                        {
+                            FlushPageRange(address, size, startPage, pageIndex - startPage, false);
+                        }
+
+                        rangePreFlushed = true;
+                        startPage = pageIndex;
+                    }
+                }
+                else if (rangePreFlushed || startPage == -1)
+                {
+                    if (startPage != -1)
+                    {
+                        FlushPageRange(address, size, startPage, pageIndex - startPage, true);
+                    }
+
+                    rangePreFlushed = false;
+                    startPage = pageIndex;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (startPage != -1)
+            {
+                FlushPageRange(address, size, startPage, (baseIndex + count) - startPage, rangePreFlushed);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Dispose the flush buffer, if present.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            if (_flushBuffer != BufferHandle.Null)
+            {
+                _context.Renderer.DeleteBuffer(_flushBuffer);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Memory/BufferStage.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader;
+using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Pipeline stages that can modify buffer data, as well as flags indicating storage usage.
+    /// Must match ShaderStage for the shader stages, though anything after that can be in any order.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal enum BufferStage : byte
+    {
+        Compute,
+        Vertex,
+        TessellationControl,
+        TessellationEvaluation,
+        Geometry,
+        Fragment,
+
+        Indirect,
+        VertexBuffer,
+        IndexBuffer,
+        Copy,
+        TransformFeedback,
+        Internal,
+        None,
+
+        StageMask = 0x3f,
+        StorageMask = 0xc0,
+
+        StorageRead = 0x40,
+        StorageWrite = 0x80,
+
+#pragma warning disable CA1069 // Enums values should not be duplicated
+        StorageAtomic = 0xc0
+#pragma warning restore CA1069 // Enums values should not be duplicated
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Utility methods to convert shader stages and binding flags into buffer stages.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal static class BufferStageUtils
+    {
+        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+        public static BufferStage FromShaderStage(ShaderStage stage)
+        {
+            return (BufferStage)stage;
+        }
+
+        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+        public static BufferStage FromShaderStage(int stageIndex)
+        {
+            return (BufferStage)(stageIndex + 1);
+        }
+
+        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+        public static BufferStage FromUsage(BufferUsageFlags flags)
+        {
+            if (flags.HasFlag(BufferUsageFlags.Write))
+            {
+                return BufferStage.StorageWrite;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                return BufferStage.StorageRead;
+            }
+        }
+
+        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+        public static BufferStage FromUsage(TextureUsageFlags flags)
+        {
+            if (flags.HasFlag(TextureUsageFlags.ImageStore))
+            {
+                return BufferStage.StorageWrite;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                return BufferStage.StorageRead;
+            }
+        }
+
+        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+        public static BufferStage TextureBuffer(ShaderStage shaderStage, TextureUsageFlags flags)
+        {
+            return FromShaderStage(shaderStage) | FromUsage(flags);
+        }
+
+        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+        public static BufferStage GraphicsStorage(int stageIndex, BufferUsageFlags flags)
+        {
+            return FromShaderStage(stageIndex) | FromUsage(flags);
+        }
+
+        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+        public static BufferStage ComputeStorage(BufferUsageFlags flags)
+        {
+            return BufferStage.Compute | FromUsage(flags);
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/CachedShaderBindings.cs

@@ -62,6 +62,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
 
                     var result = new TextureBindingInfo(
                         target,
+                        descriptor.Set,
                         descriptor.Binding,
                         descriptor.ArrayLength,
                         descriptor.CbufSlot,
@@ -90,6 +91,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
                     var result = new TextureBindingInfo(
                         target,
                         format,
+                        descriptor.Set,
                         descriptor.Binding,
                         descriptor.ArrayLength,
                         descriptor.CbufSlot,

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/DiskCache/BinarySerializer.cs

@@ -125,9 +125,18 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
             CompressionAlgorithm algorithm = CompressionAlgorithm.None;
             Read(ref algorithm);
 
-            if (algorithm == CompressionAlgorithm.Deflate)
+            switch (algorithm)
             {
+                case CompressionAlgorithm.None:
+                    break;
+                case CompressionAlgorithm.Deflate:
                     _activeStream = new DeflateStream(_stream, CompressionMode.Decompress, true);
+                    break;
+                case CompressionAlgorithm.Brotli:
+                    _activeStream = new BrotliStream(_stream, CompressionMode.Decompress, true);
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    throw new ArgumentException($"Invalid compression algorithm \"{algorithm}\"");
             }
         }
 
@@ -139,9 +148,18 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
         {
             Write(ref algorithm);
 
-            if (algorithm == CompressionAlgorithm.Deflate)
+            switch (algorithm)
             {
-                _activeStream = new DeflateStream(_stream, CompressionLevel.SmallestSize, true);
+                case CompressionAlgorithm.None:
+                    break;
+                case CompressionAlgorithm.Deflate:
+                    _activeStream = new DeflateStream(_stream, CompressionLevel.Fastest, true);
+                    break;
+                case CompressionAlgorithm.Brotli:
+                    _activeStream = new BrotliStream(_stream, CompressionLevel.Fastest, true);
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    throw new ArgumentException($"Invalid compression algorithm \"{algorithm}\"");
             }
         }
 
@@ -177,7 +195,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
             switch (algorithm)
             {
                 case CompressionAlgorithm.None:
-                    stream.Read(data);
+                    stream.ReadExactly(data);
                     break;
                 case CompressionAlgorithm.Deflate:
                     stream = new DeflateStream(stream, CompressionMode.Decompress, true);
@@ -187,6 +205,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
                     }
                     stream.Dispose();
                     break;
+                case CompressionAlgorithm.Brotli:
+                    stream = new BrotliStream(stream, CompressionMode.Decompress, true);
+                    for (int offset = 0; offset < data.Length;)
+                    {
+                        offset += stream.Read(data[offset..]);
+                    }
+                    stream.Dispose();
+                    break;
             }
         }
 
@@ -206,7 +232,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
                     stream.Write(data);
                     break;
                 case CompressionAlgorithm.Deflate:
-                    stream = new DeflateStream(stream, CompressionLevel.SmallestSize, true);
+                    stream = new DeflateStream(stream, CompressionLevel.Fastest, true);
+                    stream.Write(data);
+                    stream.Dispose();
+                    break;
+                case CompressionAlgorithm.Brotli:
+                    stream = new BrotliStream(stream, CompressionLevel.Fastest, true);
                     stream.Write(data);
                     stream.Dispose();
                     break;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/DiskCache/CompressionAlgorithm.cs

@@ -14,5 +14,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
         /// Deflate compression (RFC 1951).
         /// </summary>
         Deflate,
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Brotli compression (RFC 7932).
+        /// </summary>
+        Brotli,
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/DiskCache/DiskCacheCommon.cs

@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
         /// <returns>Compression algorithm</returns>
         public static CompressionAlgorithm GetCompressionAlgorithm()
         {
-            return CompressionAlgorithm.Deflate;
+            return CompressionAlgorithm.Brotli;
         }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/DiskCache/DiskCacheGuestStorage.cs

@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
                 }
 
                 dataFileStream.Seek((long)entry.Offset, SeekOrigin.Begin);
-                dataFileStream.Read(cb1Data);
+                dataFileStream.ReadExactly(cb1Data);
                 BinarySerializer.ReadCompressed(dataFileStream, guestCode);
 
                 _cache[index] = (guestCode, cb1Data);
@@ -279,7 +279,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
                     dataFileStream.Seek((long)entry.Offset, SeekOrigin.Begin);
                     byte[] cachedCode = new byte[entry.CodeSize];
                     byte[] cachedCb1Data = new byte[entry.Cb1DataSize];
-                    dataFileStream.Read(cachedCb1Data);
+                    dataFileStream.ReadExactly(cachedCb1Data);
                     BinarySerializer.ReadCompressed(dataFileStream, cachedCode);
 
                     if (data.SequenceEqual(cachedCode) && cb1Data.SequenceEqual(cachedCb1Data))

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/DiskCache/DiskCacheHostStorage.cs

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
         private const ushort FileFormatVersionMajor = 1;
         private const ushort FileFormatVersionMinor = 2;
         private const uint FileFormatVersionPacked = ((uint)FileFormatVersionMajor << 16) | FileFormatVersionMinor;
-        private const uint CodeGenVersion = 5936;
+        private const uint CodeGenVersion = 6921;
 
         private const string SharedTocFileName = "shared.toc";
         private const string SharedDataFileName = "shared.data";

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/GpuAccessorBase.cs

@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             _reservedImages = rrc.ReservedImages;
         }
 
-        public int CreateConstantBufferBinding(int index)
+        public SetBindingPair CreateConstantBufferBinding(int index)
         {
             int binding;
 
@@ -64,10 +64,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
                 binding = _resourceCounts.UniformBuffersCount++;
             }
 
-            return binding + _reservedConstantBuffers;
+            return new SetBindingPair(_context.Capabilities.UniformBufferSetIndex, binding + _reservedConstantBuffers);
         }
 
-        public int CreateImageBinding(int count, bool isBuffer)
+        public SetBindingPair CreateImageBinding(int count, bool isBuffer)
         {
             int binding;
 
@@ -96,10 +96,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
                 _resourceCounts.ImagesCount += count;
             }
 
-            return binding + _reservedImages;
+            return new SetBindingPair(_context.Capabilities.ImageSetIndex, binding + _reservedImages);
         }
 
-        public int CreateStorageBufferBinding(int index)
+        public SetBindingPair CreateStorageBufferBinding(int index)
         {
             int binding;
 
@@ -112,10 +112,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
                 binding = _resourceCounts.StorageBuffersCount++;
             }
 
-            return binding + _reservedStorageBuffers;
+            return new SetBindingPair(_context.Capabilities.StorageBufferSetIndex, binding + _reservedStorageBuffers);
         }
 
-        public int CreateTextureBinding(int count, bool isBuffer)
+        public SetBindingPair CreateTextureBinding(int count, bool isBuffer)
         {
             int binding;
 
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
                 _resourceCounts.TexturesCount += count;
             }
 
-            return binding + _reservedTextures;
+            return new SetBindingPair(_context.Capabilities.TextureSetIndex, binding + _reservedTextures);
         }
 
         private int GetBindingFromIndex(int index, uint maxPerStage, string resourceName)
@@ -183,6 +183,16 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             return maxPerStage * Constants.ShaderStages;
         }
 
+        public int CreateExtraSet()
+        {
+            if (_resourceCounts.SetsCount >= _context.Capabilities.MaximumExtraSets)
+            {
+                return -1;
+            }
+
+            return _context.Capabilities.ExtraSetBaseIndex + _resourceCounts.SetsCount++;
+        }
+
         public int QueryHostGatherBiasPrecision() => _context.Capabilities.GatherBiasPrecision;
 
         public bool QueryHostReducedPrecision() => _context.Capabilities.ReduceShaderPrecision;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/ResourceCounts.cs

@@ -24,5 +24,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         /// Total of images used by the shaders.
         /// </summary>
         public int ImagesCount;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Total of extra sets used by the shaders.
+        /// </summary>
+        public int SetsCount;
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/ShaderInfoBuilder.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader;
+using System;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
@@ -9,13 +10,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
     /// </summary>
     class ShaderInfoBuilder
     {
-        private const int TotalSets = 4;
-
-        private const int UniformSetIndex = 0;
-        private const int StorageSetIndex = 1;
-        private const int TextureSetIndex = 2;
-        private const int ImageSetIndex = 3;
-
         private const ResourceStages SupportBufferStages =
             ResourceStages.Compute |
             ResourceStages.Vertex |
@@ -36,8 +30,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         private readonly int _reservedTextures;
         private readonly int _reservedImages;
 
-        private readonly List<ResourceDescriptor>[] _resourceDescriptors;
-        private readonly List<ResourceUsage>[] _resourceUsages;
+        private List<ResourceDescriptor>[] _resourceDescriptors;
+        private List<ResourceUsage>[] _resourceUsages;
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Creates a new shader info builder.
@@ -51,17 +45,27 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
 
             _fragmentOutputMap = -1;
 
-            _resourceDescriptors = new List<ResourceDescriptor>[TotalSets];
-            _resourceUsages = new List<ResourceUsage>[TotalSets];
+            int uniformSetIndex = context.Capabilities.UniformBufferSetIndex;
+            int storageSetIndex = context.Capabilities.StorageBufferSetIndex;
+            int textureSetIndex = context.Capabilities.TextureSetIndex;
+            int imageSetIndex = context.Capabilities.ImageSetIndex;
 
-            for (int index = 0; index < TotalSets; index++)
+            int totalSets = Math.Max(uniformSetIndex, storageSetIndex);
+            totalSets = Math.Max(totalSets, textureSetIndex);
+            totalSets = Math.Max(totalSets, imageSetIndex);
+            totalSets++;
+
+            _resourceDescriptors = new List<ResourceDescriptor>[totalSets];
+            _resourceUsages = new List<ResourceUsage>[totalSets];
+
+            for (int index = 0; index < totalSets; index++)
             {
                 _resourceDescriptors[index] = new();
                 _resourceUsages[index] = new();
             }
 
-            AddDescriptor(SupportBufferStages, ResourceType.UniformBuffer, UniformSetIndex, 0, 1);
-            AddUsage(SupportBufferStages, ResourceType.UniformBuffer, UniformSetIndex, 0, 1);
+            AddDescriptor(SupportBufferStages, ResourceType.UniformBuffer, uniformSetIndex, 0, 1);
+            AddUsage(SupportBufferStages, ResourceType.UniformBuffer, uniformSetIndex, 0, 1);
 
             ResourceReservationCounts rrc = new(!context.Capabilities.SupportsTransformFeedback && tfEnabled, vertexAsCompute);
 
@@ -73,12 +77,20 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             // TODO: Handle that better? Maybe we should only set the binding that are really needed on each shader.
             ResourceStages stages = vertexAsCompute ? ResourceStages.Compute | ResourceStages.Vertex : VtgStages;
 
-            PopulateDescriptorAndUsages(stages, ResourceType.UniformBuffer, UniformSetIndex, 1, rrc.ReservedConstantBuffers - 1);
-            PopulateDescriptorAndUsages(stages, ResourceType.StorageBuffer, StorageSetIndex, 0, rrc.ReservedStorageBuffers);
-            PopulateDescriptorAndUsages(stages, ResourceType.BufferTexture, TextureSetIndex, 0, rrc.ReservedTextures);
-            PopulateDescriptorAndUsages(stages, ResourceType.BufferImage, ImageSetIndex, 0, rrc.ReservedImages);
+            PopulateDescriptorAndUsages(stages, ResourceType.UniformBuffer, uniformSetIndex, 1, rrc.ReservedConstantBuffers - 1);
+            PopulateDescriptorAndUsages(stages, ResourceType.StorageBuffer, storageSetIndex, 0, rrc.ReservedStorageBuffers);
+            PopulateDescriptorAndUsages(stages, ResourceType.BufferTexture, textureSetIndex, 0, rrc.ReservedTextures);
+            PopulateDescriptorAndUsages(stages, ResourceType.BufferImage, imageSetIndex, 0, rrc.ReservedImages);
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Populates descriptors and usages for vertex as compute and transform feedback emulation reserved resources.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="stages">Shader stages where the resources are used</param>
+        /// <param name="type">Resource type</param>
+        /// <param name="setIndex">Resource set index where the resources are used</param>
+        /// <param name="start">First binding number</param>
+        /// <param name="count">Amount of bindings</param>
         private void PopulateDescriptorAndUsages(ResourceStages stages, ResourceType type, int setIndex, int start, int count)
         {
             AddDescriptor(stages, type, setIndex, start, count);
@@ -127,18 +139,23 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             int textureBinding = _reservedTextures + stageIndex * texturesPerStage * 2;
             int imageBinding = _reservedImages + stageIndex * imagesPerStage * 2;
 
-            AddDescriptor(stages, ResourceType.UniformBuffer, UniformSetIndex, uniformBinding, uniformsPerStage);
-            AddDescriptor(stages, ResourceType.StorageBuffer, StorageSetIndex, storageBinding, storagesPerStage);
-            AddDualDescriptor(stages, ResourceType.TextureAndSampler, ResourceType.BufferTexture, TextureSetIndex, textureBinding, texturesPerStage);
-            AddDualDescriptor(stages, ResourceType.Image, ResourceType.BufferImage, ImageSetIndex, imageBinding, imagesPerStage);
+            int uniformSetIndex = _context.Capabilities.UniformBufferSetIndex;
+            int storageSetIndex = _context.Capabilities.StorageBufferSetIndex;
+            int textureSetIndex = _context.Capabilities.TextureSetIndex;
+            int imageSetIndex = _context.Capabilities.ImageSetIndex;
 
-            AddArrayDescriptors(info.Textures, stages, TextureSetIndex, isImage: false);
-            AddArrayDescriptors(info.Images, stages, TextureSetIndex, isImage: true);
+            AddDescriptor(stages, ResourceType.UniformBuffer, uniformSetIndex, uniformBinding, uniformsPerStage);
+            AddDescriptor(stages, ResourceType.StorageBuffer, storageSetIndex, storageBinding, storagesPerStage);
+            AddDualDescriptor(stages, ResourceType.TextureAndSampler, ResourceType.BufferTexture, textureSetIndex, textureBinding, texturesPerStage);
+            AddDualDescriptor(stages, ResourceType.Image, ResourceType.BufferImage, imageSetIndex, imageBinding, imagesPerStage);
 
-            AddUsage(info.CBuffers, stages, UniformSetIndex, isStorage: false);
-            AddUsage(info.SBuffers, stages, StorageSetIndex, isStorage: true);
-            AddUsage(info.Textures, stages, TextureSetIndex, isImage: false);
-            AddUsage(info.Images, stages, ImageSetIndex, isImage: true);
+            AddArrayDescriptors(info.Textures, stages, isImage: false);
+            AddArrayDescriptors(info.Images, stages, isImage: true);
+
+            AddUsage(info.CBuffers, stages, isStorage: false);
+            AddUsage(info.SBuffers, stages, isStorage: true);
+            AddUsage(info.Textures, stages, isImage: false);
+            AddUsage(info.Images, stages, isImage: true);
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -177,9 +194,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="textures">Textures to be added</param>
         /// <param name="stages">Stages where the textures are used</param>
-        /// <param name="setIndex">Descriptor set index where the textures will be bound</param>
         /// <param name="isImage">True for images, false for textures</param>
-        private void AddArrayDescriptors(IEnumerable<TextureDescriptor> textures, ResourceStages stages, int setIndex, bool isImage)
+        private void AddArrayDescriptors(IEnumerable<TextureDescriptor> textures, ResourceStages stages, bool isImage)
         {
             foreach (TextureDescriptor texture in textures)
             {
@@ -187,7 +203,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
                 {
                     ResourceType type = GetTextureResourceType(texture, isImage);
 
-                    _resourceDescriptors[setIndex].Add(new ResourceDescriptor(texture.Binding, texture.ArrayLength, type, stages));
+                    GetDescriptors(texture.Set).Add(new ResourceDescriptor(texture.Binding, texture.ArrayLength, type, stages));
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -213,13 +229,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="buffers">Buffers to be added</param>
         /// <param name="stages">Stages where the buffers are used</param>
-        /// <param name="setIndex">Descriptor set index where the buffers will be bound</param>
         /// <param name="isStorage">True for storage buffers, false for uniform buffers</param>
-        private void AddUsage(IEnumerable<BufferDescriptor> buffers, ResourceStages stages, int setIndex, bool isStorage)
+        private void AddUsage(IEnumerable<BufferDescriptor> buffers, ResourceStages stages, bool isStorage)
         {
             foreach (BufferDescriptor buffer in buffers)
             {
-                _resourceUsages[setIndex].Add(new ResourceUsage(
+                GetUsages(buffer.Set).Add(new ResourceUsage(
                     buffer.Binding,
                     1,
                     isStorage ? ResourceType.StorageBuffer : ResourceType.UniformBuffer,
@@ -232,18 +247,65 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="textures">Textures to be added</param>
         /// <param name="stages">Stages where the textures are used</param>
-        /// <param name="setIndex">Descriptor set index where the textures will be bound</param>
         /// <param name="isImage">True for images, false for textures</param>
-        private void AddUsage(IEnumerable<TextureDescriptor> textures, ResourceStages stages, int setIndex, bool isImage)
+        private void AddUsage(IEnumerable<TextureDescriptor> textures, ResourceStages stages, bool isImage)
         {
             foreach (TextureDescriptor texture in textures)
             {
                 ResourceType type = GetTextureResourceType(texture, isImage);
 
-                _resourceUsages[setIndex].Add(new ResourceUsage(texture.Binding, texture.ArrayLength, type, stages));
+                GetUsages(texture.Set).Add(new ResourceUsage(texture.Binding, texture.ArrayLength, type, stages));
             }
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the list of resource descriptors for a given set index. A new list will be created if needed.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="setIndex">Resource set index</param>
+        /// <returns>List of resource descriptors</returns>
+        private List<ResourceDescriptor> GetDescriptors(int setIndex)
+        {
+            if (_resourceDescriptors.Length <= setIndex)
+            {
+                int oldLength = _resourceDescriptors.Length;
+                Array.Resize(ref _resourceDescriptors, setIndex + 1);
+
+                for (int index = oldLength; index <= setIndex; index++)
+                {
+                    _resourceDescriptors[index] = new();
+                }
+            }
+
+            return _resourceDescriptors[setIndex];
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the list of resource usages for a given set index. A new list will be created if needed.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="setIndex">Resource set index</param>
+        /// <returns>List of resource usages</returns>
+        private List<ResourceUsage> GetUsages(int setIndex)
+        {
+            if (_resourceUsages.Length <= setIndex)
+            {
+                int oldLength = _resourceUsages.Length;
+                Array.Resize(ref _resourceUsages, setIndex + 1);
+
+                for (int index = oldLength; index <= setIndex; index++)
+                {
+                    _resourceUsages[index] = new();
+                }
+            }
+
+            return _resourceUsages[setIndex];
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets a resource type from a texture descriptor.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="texture">Texture descriptor</param>
+        /// <param name="isImage">Whether the texture is a image texture (writable) or not (sampled)</param>
+        /// <returns>Resource type</returns>
         private static ResourceType GetTextureResourceType(TextureDescriptor texture, bool isImage)
         {
             bool isBuffer = (texture.Type & SamplerType.Mask) == SamplerType.TextureBuffer;
@@ -278,10 +340,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         /// <returns>Shader information</returns>
         public ShaderInfo Build(ProgramPipelineState? pipeline, bool fromCache = false)
         {
-            var descriptors = new ResourceDescriptorCollection[TotalSets];
-            var usages = new ResourceUsageCollection[TotalSets];
+            int totalSets = _resourceDescriptors.Length;
 
-            for (int index = 0; index < TotalSets; index++)
+            var descriptors = new ResourceDescriptorCollection[totalSets];
+            var usages = new ResourceUsageCollection[totalSets];
+
+            for (int index = 0; index < totalSets; index++)
             {
                 descriptors[index] = new ResourceDescriptorCollection(_resourceDescriptors[index].ToArray().AsReadOnly());
                 usages[index] = new ResourceUsageCollection(_resourceUsages[index].ToArray().AsReadOnly());

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL/Image/ImageArray.cs

@@ -63,5 +63,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL.Image
                 }
             }
         }
+
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+        }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL/Image/TextureArray.cs

@@ -48,5 +48,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL.Image
                 }
             }
         }
+
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+        }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL/OpenGLRenderer.cs

@@ -61,7 +61,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL
         {
             BufferCount++;
 
-            if (access.HasFlag(GAL.BufferAccess.FlushPersistent))
+            var memType = access & GAL.BufferAccess.MemoryTypeMask;
+
+            if (memType == GAL.BufferAccess.HostMemory)
             {
                 BufferHandle handle = Buffer.CreatePersistent(size);
 
@@ -75,11 +77,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL
             }
         }
 
-        public BufferHandle CreateBuffer(int size, GAL.BufferAccess access, BufferHandle storageHint)
-        {
-            return CreateBuffer(size, access);
-        }
-
         public BufferHandle CreateBuffer(nint pointer, int size)
         {
             throw new NotSupportedException();
@@ -148,6 +145,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL
             return new Capabilities(
                 api: TargetApi.OpenGL,
                 vendorName: GpuVendor,
+                memoryType: SystemMemoryType.BackendManaged,
                 hasFrontFacingBug: intelWindows,
                 hasVectorIndexingBug: amdWindows,
                 needsFragmentOutputSpecialization: false,
@@ -189,6 +187,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL
                 supportsViewportSwizzle: HwCapabilities.SupportsViewportSwizzle,
                 supportsIndirectParameters: HwCapabilities.SupportsIndirectParameters,
                 supportsDepthClipControl: true,
+                uniformBufferSetIndex: 0,
+                storageBufferSetIndex: 1,
+                textureSetIndex: 2,
+                imageSetIndex: 3,
+                extraSetBaseIndex: 0,
+                maximumExtraSets: 0,
                 maximumUniformBuffersPerStage: 13, // TODO: Avoid hardcoding those limits here and get from driver?
                 maximumStorageBuffersPerStage: 16,
                 maximumTexturesPerStage: 32,

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL/Pipeline.cs

@@ -963,6 +963,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL
             (array as ImageArray).Bind(binding);
         }
 
+        public void SetImageArraySeparate(ShaderStage stage, int setIndex, IImageArray array)
+        {
+            throw new NotSupportedException("OpenGL does not support descriptor sets.");
+        }
+
         public void SetIndexBuffer(BufferRange buffer, IndexType type)
         {
             _elementsType = type.Convert();
@@ -1312,6 +1317,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL
             (array as TextureArray).Bind(binding);
         }
 
+        public void SetTextureArraySeparate(ShaderStage stage, int setIndex, ITextureArray array)
+        {
+            throw new NotSupportedException("OpenGL does not support descriptor sets.");
+        }
+
         public void SetTransformFeedbackBuffers(ReadOnlySpan<BufferRange> buffers)
         {
             if (_tfEnabled)

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/BufferDescriptor.cs

@@ -4,14 +4,16 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader
     {
         // New fields should be added to the end of the struct to keep disk shader cache compatibility.
 
+        public readonly int Set;
         public readonly int Binding;
         public readonly byte Slot;
         public readonly byte SbCbSlot;
         public readonly ushort SbCbOffset;
         public readonly BufferUsageFlags Flags;
 
-        public BufferDescriptor(int binding, int slot)
+        public BufferDescriptor(int set, int binding, int slot)
         {
+            Set = set;
             Binding = binding;
             Slot = (byte)slot;
             SbCbSlot = 0;
@@ -19,8 +21,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader
             Flags = BufferUsageFlags.None;
         }
 
-        public BufferDescriptor(int binding, int slot, int sbCbSlot, int sbCbOffset, BufferUsageFlags flags)
+        public BufferDescriptor(int set, int binding, int slot, int sbCbSlot, int sbCbOffset, BufferUsageFlags flags)
         {
+            Set = set;
             Binding = binding;
             Slot = (byte)slot;
             SbCbSlot = (byte)sbCbSlot;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/CodeGen/Glsl/Instructions/InstGenMemory.cs

@@ -462,7 +462,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl.Instructions
             }
             else
             {
-                context.Properties.Textures.TryGetValue(texOp.Binding, out TextureDefinition definition);
+                context.Properties.Textures.TryGetValue(texOp.GetTextureSetAndBinding(), out TextureDefinition definition);
                 bool hasLod = !definition.Type.HasFlag(SamplerType.Multisample) && (definition.Type & SamplerType.Mask) != SamplerType.TextureBuffer;
                 string texCall;
 
@@ -639,7 +639,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl.Instructions
 
         private static string GetSamplerName(CodeGenContext context, AstTextureOperation texOp, ref int srcIndex)
         {
-            TextureDefinition textureDefinition = context.Properties.Textures[texOp.Binding];
+            TextureDefinition textureDefinition = context.Properties.Textures[texOp.GetTextureSetAndBinding()];
             string name = textureDefinition.Name;
 
             if (textureDefinition.ArrayLength != 1)
@@ -649,7 +649,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl.Instructions
 
             if (texOp.IsSeparate)
             {
-                TextureDefinition samplerDefinition = context.Properties.Textures[texOp.SamplerBinding];
+                TextureDefinition samplerDefinition = context.Properties.Textures[texOp.GetSamplerSetAndBinding()];
                 string samplerName = samplerDefinition.Name;
 
                 if (samplerDefinition.ArrayLength != 1)
@@ -665,7 +665,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl.Instructions
 
         private static string GetImageName(CodeGenContext context, AstTextureOperation texOp, ref int srcIndex)
         {
-            TextureDefinition definition = context.Properties.Images[texOp.Binding];
+            TextureDefinition definition = context.Properties.Images[texOp.GetTextureSetAndBinding()];
             string name = definition.Name;
 
             if (definition.ArrayLength != 1)

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/CodeGen/Spirv/CodeGenContext.cs

@@ -33,9 +33,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
         public Dictionary<int, Instruction> LocalMemories { get; } = new();
         public Dictionary<int, Instruction> SharedMemories { get; } = new();
 
-        public Dictionary<int, SamplerType> SamplersTypes { get; } = new();
-        public Dictionary<int, SamplerDeclaration> Samplers { get; } = new();
-        public Dictionary<int, ImageDeclaration> Images { get; } = new();
+        public Dictionary<SetBindingPair, SamplerType> SamplersTypes { get; } = new();
+        public Dictionary<SetBindingPair, SamplerDeclaration> Samplers { get; } = new();
+        public Dictionary<SetBindingPair, ImageDeclaration> Images { get; } = new();
 
         public Dictionary<IoDefinition, Instruction> Inputs { get; } = new();
         public Dictionary<IoDefinition, Instruction> Outputs { get; } = new();
@@ -98,11 +98,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
             Logger = parameters.Logger;
             TargetApi = parameters.TargetApi;
 
-            AddCapability(Capability.Shader);
-            AddCapability(Capability.Float64);
-
-            SetMemoryModel(AddressingModel.Logical, MemoryModel.GLSL450);
-
             Delegates = new SpirvDelegates(this);
         }
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/CodeGen/Spirv/Declarations.cs

@@ -208,13 +208,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
 
                 var sampledImageVariable = context.Variable(sampledImageArrayPointerType, StorageClass.UniformConstant);
 
-                context.Samplers.Add(sampler.Binding, new SamplerDeclaration(
+                context.Samplers.Add(new(sampler.Set, sampler.Binding), new SamplerDeclaration(
                     imageType,
                     sampledImageType,
                     sampledImagePointerType,
                     sampledImageVariable,
                     sampler.ArrayLength != 1));
-                context.SamplersTypes.Add(sampler.Binding, sampler.Type);
+                context.SamplersTypes.Add(new(sampler.Set, sampler.Binding), sampler.Type);
 
                 context.Name(sampledImageVariable, sampler.Name);
                 context.Decorate(sampledImageVariable, Decoration.DescriptorSet, (LiteralInteger)setIndex);
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
 
                 var imageVariable = context.Variable(imageArrayPointerType, StorageClass.UniformConstant);
 
-                context.Images.Add(image.Binding, new ImageDeclaration(imageType, imagePointerType, imageVariable, image.ArrayLength != 1));
+                context.Images.Add(new(image.Set, image.Binding), new ImageDeclaration(imageType, imagePointerType, imageVariable, image.ArrayLength != 1));
 
                 context.Name(imageVariable, image.Name);
                 context.Decorate(imageVariable, Decoration.DescriptorSet, (LiteralInteger)setIndex);

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/CodeGen/Spirv/Instructions.cs

@@ -602,7 +602,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
                 return context.Get(type, texOp.GetSource(srcIndex++));
             }
 
-            ImageDeclaration declaration = context.Images[texOp.Binding];
+            ImageDeclaration declaration = context.Images[texOp.GetTextureSetAndBinding()];
             SpvInstruction image = declaration.Image;
 
             SpvInstruction resultType = context.GetType(componentType);
@@ -681,7 +681,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
                 return context.Get(type, texOp.GetSource(srcIndex++));
             }
 
-            ImageDeclaration declaration = context.Images[texOp.Binding];
+            ImageDeclaration declaration = context.Images[texOp.GetTextureSetAndBinding()];
             SpvInstruction image = declaration.Image;
 
             if (declaration.IsIndexed)
@@ -738,7 +738,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
                 return context.Get(type, texOp.GetSource(srcIndex++));
             }
 
-            ImageDeclaration declaration = context.Images[texOp.Binding];
+            ImageDeclaration declaration = context.Images[texOp.GetTextureSetAndBinding()];
             SpvInstruction image = declaration.Image;
 
             if (declaration.IsIndexed)
@@ -837,7 +837,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
                 return context.Get(type, texOp.GetSource(srcIndex++));
             }
 
-            SamplerDeclaration declaration = context.Samplers[texOp.Binding];
+            SamplerDeclaration declaration = context.Samplers[texOp.GetTextureSetAndBinding()];
             SpvInstruction image = GenerateSampledImageLoad(context, texOp, declaration, ref srcIndex);
 
             int pCount = texOp.Type.GetDimensions();
@@ -1161,7 +1161,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
                 return context.Get(type, texOp.GetSource(srcIndex++));
             }
 
-            SamplerDeclaration declaration = context.Samplers[texOp.Binding];
+            SamplerDeclaration declaration = context.Samplers[texOp.GetTextureSetAndBinding()];
             SpvInstruction image = GenerateSampledImageLoad(context, texOp, declaration, ref srcIndex);
 
             int coordsCount = texOp.Type.GetDimensions();
@@ -1433,7 +1433,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
 
             int srcIndex = 0;
 
-            SamplerDeclaration declaration = context.Samplers[texOp.Binding];
+            SamplerDeclaration declaration = context.Samplers[texOp.GetTextureSetAndBinding()];
             SpvInstruction image = GenerateSampledImageLoad(context, texOp, declaration, ref srcIndex);
 
             image = context.Image(declaration.ImageType, image);
@@ -1449,7 +1449,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
 
             int srcIndex = 0;
 
-            SamplerDeclaration declaration = context.Samplers[texOp.Binding];
+            SamplerDeclaration declaration = context.Samplers[texOp.GetTextureSetAndBinding()];
             SpvInstruction image = GenerateSampledImageLoad(context, texOp, declaration, ref srcIndex);
 
             image = context.Image(declaration.ImageType, image);
@@ -1460,7 +1460,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
             }
             else
             {
-                var type = context.SamplersTypes[texOp.Binding];
+                var type = context.SamplersTypes[texOp.GetTextureSetAndBinding()];
                 bool hasLod = !type.HasFlag(SamplerType.Multisample) && type != SamplerType.TextureBuffer;
 
                 int dimensions = (type & SamplerType.Mask) == SamplerType.TextureCube ? 2 : type.GetDimensions();
@@ -1889,7 +1889,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
             {
                 image = context.Load(declaration.ImageType, image);
 
-                SamplerDeclaration samplerDeclaration = context.Samplers[texOp.SamplerBinding];
+                SamplerDeclaration samplerDeclaration = context.Samplers[texOp.GetSamplerSetAndBinding()];
 
                 SpvInstruction sampler = samplerDeclaration.Image;
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/CodeGen/Spirv/SpirvGenerator.cs

@@ -43,6 +43,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
 
             CodeGenContext context = new(info, parameters, instPool, integerPool);
 
+            context.AddCapability(Capability.Shader);
+
+            context.SetMemoryModel(AddressingModel.Logical, MemoryModel.GLSL450);
+
             context.AddCapability(Capability.GroupNonUniformBallot);
             context.AddCapability(Capability.GroupNonUniformShuffle);
             context.AddCapability(Capability.GroupNonUniformVote);
@@ -51,6 +55,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
             context.AddCapability(Capability.ImageQuery);
             context.AddCapability(Capability.SampledBuffer);
 
+            if (parameters.HostCapabilities.SupportsShaderFloat64)
+            {
+                context.AddCapability(Capability.Float64);
+            }
+
             if (parameters.Definitions.TransformFeedbackEnabled && parameters.Definitions.LastInVertexPipeline)
             {
                 context.AddCapability(Capability.TransformFeedback);
@@ -58,7 +67,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
 
             if (parameters.Definitions.Stage == ShaderStage.Fragment)
             {
-                if (context.Info.IoDefinitions.Contains(new IoDefinition(StorageKind.Input, IoVariable.Layer)))
+                if (context.Info.IoDefinitions.Contains(new IoDefinition(StorageKind.Input, IoVariable.Layer)) ||
+                    context.Info.IoDefinitions.Contains(new IoDefinition(StorageKind.Input, IoVariable.PrimitiveId)))
                 {
                     context.AddCapability(Capability.Geometry);
                 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/IGpuAccessor.cs

@@ -27,34 +27,43 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader
         ReadOnlySpan<ulong> GetCode(ulong address, int minimumSize);
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Queries the binding number of a constant buffer.
+        /// Gets the binding number of a constant buffer.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="index">Constant buffer index</param>
         /// <returns>Binding number</returns>
-        int CreateConstantBufferBinding(int index);
+        SetBindingPair CreateConstantBufferBinding(int index);
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Queries the binding number of an image.
+        /// Gets the binding number of an image.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="count">For array of images, the number of elements of the array, otherwise it should be 1</param>
         /// <param name="isBuffer">Indicates if the image is a buffer image</param>
         /// <returns>Binding number</returns>
-        int CreateImageBinding(int count, bool isBuffer);
+        SetBindingPair CreateImageBinding(int count, bool isBuffer);
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Queries the binding number of a storage buffer.
+        /// Gets the binding number of a storage buffer.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="index">Storage buffer index</param>
         /// <returns>Binding number</returns>
-        int CreateStorageBufferBinding(int index);
+        SetBindingPair CreateStorageBufferBinding(int index);
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Queries the binding number of a texture.
+        /// Gets the binding number of a texture.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="count">For array of textures, the number of elements of the array, otherwise it should be 1</param>
         /// <param name="isBuffer">Indicates if the texture is a buffer texture</param>
         /// <returns>Binding number</returns>
-        int CreateTextureBinding(int count, bool isBuffer);
+        SetBindingPair CreateTextureBinding(int count, bool isBuffer);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the set index for an additional set, or -1 if there's no extra set available.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Extra set index, or -1 if not available</returns>
+        int CreateExtraSet()
+        {
+            return -1;
+        }
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Queries Local Size X for compute shaders.

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/Instructions/InstEmitPredicate.cs

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
 
             if (op.BVal)
             {
-                context.Copy(dest, context.ConditionalSelect(res, ConstF(1), Const(0)));
+                context.Copy(dest, context.ConditionalSelect(res, ConstF(1), ConstF(0)));
             }
             else
             {

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/Instructions/InstEmitSurface.cs

@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
                 flags |= TextureFlags.Bindless;
             }
 
-            int binding = isBindless ? 0 : context.ResourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
+            SetBindingPair setAndBinding = isBindless ? default : context.ResourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
                 Instruction.ImageAtomic,
                 type,
                 format,
@@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
                 TextureOperation.DefaultCbufSlot,
                 imm);
 
-            Operand res = context.ImageAtomic(type, format, flags, binding, sources);
+            Operand res = context.ImageAtomic(type, format, flags, setAndBinding, sources);
 
             context.Copy(d, res);
         }
@@ -389,7 +389,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
 
                 TextureFormat format = isBindless ? TextureFormat.Unknown : ShaderProperties.GetTextureFormat(context.TranslatorContext.GpuAccessor, handle);
 
-                int binding = isBindless ? 0 : context.ResourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
+                SetBindingPair setAndBinding = isBindless ? default : context.ResourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
                     Instruction.ImageLoad,
                     type,
                     format,
@@ -397,7 +397,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
                     TextureOperation.DefaultCbufSlot,
                     handle);
 
-                context.ImageLoad(type, format, flags, binding, (int)componentMask, dests, sources);
+                context.ImageLoad(type, format, flags, setAndBinding, (int)componentMask, dests, sources);
             }
             else
             {
@@ -432,7 +432,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
 
                 TextureFormat format = GetTextureFormat(size);
 
-                int binding = isBindless ? 0 : context.ResourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
+                SetBindingPair setAndBinding = isBindless ? default : context.ResourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
                     Instruction.ImageLoad,
                     type,
                     format,
@@ -440,7 +440,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
                     TextureOperation.DefaultCbufSlot,
                     handle);
 
-                context.ImageLoad(type, format, flags, binding, compMask, dests, sources);
+                context.ImageLoad(type, format, flags, setAndBinding, compMask, dests, sources);
 
                 switch (size)
                 {
@@ -552,7 +552,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
                 flags |= TextureFlags.Bindless;
             }
 
-            int binding = isBindless ? 0 : context.ResourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
+            SetBindingPair setAndBinding = isBindless ? default : context.ResourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
                 Instruction.ImageAtomic,
                 type,
                 format,
@@ -560,7 +560,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
                 TextureOperation.DefaultCbufSlot,
                 imm);
 
-            context.ImageAtomic(type, format, flags, binding, sources);
+            context.ImageAtomic(type, format, flags, setAndBinding, sources);
         }
 
         private static void EmitSust(
@@ -679,7 +679,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
                 flags |= TextureFlags.Coherent;
             }
 
-            int binding = isBindless ? 0 : context.ResourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
+            SetBindingPair setAndBinding = isBindless ? default : context.ResourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
                 Instruction.ImageStore,
                 type,
                 format,
@@ -687,7 +687,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
                 TextureOperation.DefaultCbufSlot,
                 handle);
 
-            context.ImageStore(type, format, flags, binding, sources);
+            context.ImageStore(type, format, flags, setAndBinding, sources);
         }
 
         private static int GetComponentSizeInBytesLog2(SuatomSize size)

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/Instructions/InstEmitTexture.cs

@@ -885,7 +885,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
                 return Register(dest++, RegisterType.Gpr);
             }
 
-            int binding = isBindless ? 0 : context.ResourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
+            SetBindingPair setAndBinding = isBindless ? default : context.ResourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
                 Instruction.Lod,
                 type,
                 TextureFormat.Unknown,
@@ -913,7 +913,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
                     else
                     {
                         // The instruction component order is the inverse of GLSL's.
-                        Operand res = context.Lod(type, flags, binding, compIndex ^ 1, sources);
+                        Operand res = context.Lod(type, flags, setAndBinding, compIndex ^ 1, sources);
 
                         res = context.FPMultiply(res, ConstF(256.0f));
 
@@ -1116,12 +1116,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
             }
 
             TextureFlags flags = isBindless ? TextureFlags.Bindless : TextureFlags.None;
-            int binding;
+            SetBindingPair setAndBinding;
 
             switch (query)
             {
                 case TexQuery.TexHeaderDimension:
-                    binding = isBindless ? 0 : context.ResourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
+                    setAndBinding = isBindless ? default : context.ResourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
                         Instruction.TextureQuerySize,
                         type,
                         TextureFormat.Unknown,
@@ -1140,13 +1140,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
                                 break;
                             }
 
-                            context.Copy(d, context.TextureQuerySize(type, flags, binding, compIndex, sources));
+                            context.Copy(d, context.TextureQuerySize(type, flags, setAndBinding, compIndex, sources));
                         }
                     }
                     break;
 
                 case TexQuery.TexHeaderTextureType:
-                    binding = isBindless ? 0 : context.ResourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
+                    setAndBinding = isBindless ? default : context.ResourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
                         Instruction.TextureQuerySamples,
                         type,
                         TextureFormat.Unknown,
@@ -1171,7 +1171,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
 
                         if (d != null)
                         {
-                            context.Copy(d, context.TextureQuerySamples(type, flags, binding, sources));
+                            context.Copy(d, context.TextureQuerySamples(type, flags, setAndBinding, sources));
                         }
                     }
                     break;
@@ -1191,7 +1191,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
             Operand[] dests,
             Operand[] sources)
         {
-            int binding = flags.HasFlag(TextureFlags.Bindless) ? 0 : context.ResourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
+            SetBindingPair setAndBinding = flags.HasFlag(TextureFlags.Bindless) ? default : context.ResourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
                 Instruction.TextureSample,
                 type,
                 TextureFormat.Unknown,
@@ -1199,7 +1199,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
                 TextureOperation.DefaultCbufSlot,
                 handle);
 
-            context.TextureSample(type, flags, binding, componentMask, dests, sources);
+            context.TextureSample(type, flags, setAndBinding, componentMask, dests, sources);
         }
 
         private static SamplerType ConvertSamplerType(TexDim dimensions)