diff --git a/Notes/Semester 4/BSY - Betriebssysteme/Week 4/Solutions.md b/Notes/Semester 4/BSY - Betriebssysteme/Week 4/Solutions.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e8d3f48 --- /dev/null +++ b/Notes/Semester 4/BSY - Betriebssysteme/Week 4/Solutions.md @@ -0,0 +1,373 @@ +# Solutions +## Table of Contents +- [Solutions](#solutions) + - [Table of Contents](#table-of-contents) + - [Summary Display of `top`](#summary-display-of-top) + - [Processes `PID` `1` and `2`](#processes-pid-1-and-2) + - [Own Shell Process](#own-shell-process) + - [Showing off my Variables](#showing-off-my-variables) + - [Monitoring](#monitoring) + - [Job Control](#job-control) + - [What changed?](#what-changed) + - [Process Creation](#process-creation) + +## Summary Display of `top` +Memory used, CPU used + +## Processes `PID` `1` and `2` + +| `PID` | Command | Owner | +| ----- | ---------- | ----- | +| 1 | `systemd` | root | +| 2 | `kthreadd` | root | + +## Own Shell Process + +| `PID` | Command | Owner | +| ----- | ------- | ------ | +| 8096 | `bash` | ubuntu | + +## Showing off my Variables + +```bash +printenv +``` + +```env +SHELL=/bin/bash +SESSION_MANAGER=local/ManuSurface:@/tmp/.ICE-unix/4052,unix/ManuSurface:/tmp/.ICE-unix/4052 +QT_ACCESSIBILITY=1 +COLORTERM=truecolor +PYENV_SHELL=bash +XDG_CONFIG_DIRS=/etc/xdg/xdg-pop:/etc/xdg +SSH_AGENT_LAUNCHER=gnome-keyring +XDG_MENU_PREFIX=gnome- +GNOME_DESKTOP_SESSION_ID=this-is-deprecated +GTK_IM_MODULE=ibus +POSH_PID=8096 +GNOME_SHELL_SESSION_MODE=pop +DOTNET_ROOT=/usr/lib/dotnet +SSH_AUTH_SOCK=/run/user/1000/keyring/ssh +GRADLE_HOME=/home/manuel/.sdkman/candidates/gradle/current +NVS_OS=linux +NVS_USE_XZ=1 +SDKMAN_CANDIDATES_DIR=/home/manuel/.sdkman/candidates +XMODIFIERS=@im=ibus +DESKTOP_SESSION=pop +GTK_MODULES=gail:atk-bridge +PWD=/home/manuel +PYENV_VIRTUALENV_INIT=1 +LOGNAME=manuel +XDG_SESSION_DESKTOP=pop +XDG_SESSION_TYPE=x11 +GPG_AGENT_INFO=/run/user/1000/gnupg/S.gpg-agent:0:1 +SYSTEMD_EXEC_PID=4075 +XAUTHORITY=/run/user/1000/gdm/Xauthority +WINDOWPATH=2 +HOME=/home/manuel +USERNAME=manuel +LANG=en_US.UTF-8 +LS_COLORS=rs=0:di=01;34:ln=01;36:mh=00:pi=40;33:so=01;35:do=01;35:bd=40;33;01:cd=40;33;01:or=40;31;01:mi=00:su=37;41:sg=30;43:ca=30;41:tw=30;42:ow=34;42:st=37;44:ex=01;32:*.tar=01;31:*.tgz=01;31:*.arc=01;31:*.arj=01;31:*.taz=01;31:*.lha=01;31:*.lz4=01;31:*.lzh=01;31:*.lzma=01;31:*.tlz=01;31:*.txz=01;31:*.tzo=01;31:*.t7z=01;31:*.zip=01;31:*.z=01;31:*.dz=01;31:*.gz=01;31:*.lrz=01;31:*.lz=01;31:*.lzo=01;31:*.xz=01;31:*.zst=01;31:*.tzst=01;31:*.bz2=01;31:*.bz=01;31:*.tbz=01;31:*.tbz2=01;31:*.tz=01;31:*.deb=01;31:*.rpm=01;31:*.jar=01;31:*.war=01;31:*.ear=01;31:*.sar=01;31:*.rar=01;31:*.alz=01;31:*.ace=01;31:*.zoo=01;31:*.cpio=01;31:*.7z=01;31:*.rz=01;31:*.cab=01;31:*.wim=01;31:*.swm=01;31:*.dwm=01;31:*.esd=01;31:*.jpg=01;35:*.jpeg=01;35:*.mjpg=01;35:*.mjpeg=01;35:*.gif=01;35:*.bmp=01;35:*.pbm=01;35:*.pgm=01;35:*.ppm=01;35:*.tga=01;35:*.xbm=01;35:*.xpm=01;35:*.tif=01;35:*.tiff=01;35:*.png=01;35:*.svg=01;35:*.svgz=01;35:*.mng=01;35:*.pcx=01;35:*.mov=01;35:*.mpg=01;35:*.mpeg=01;35:*.m2v=01;35:*.mkv=01;35:*.webm=01;35:*.webp=01;35:*.ogm=01;35:*.mp4=01;35:*.m4v=01;35:*.mp4v=01;35:*.vob=01;35:*.qt=01;35:*.nuv=01;35:*.wmv=01;35:*.asf=01;35:*.rm=01;35:*.rmvb=01;35:*.flc=01;35:*.avi=01;35:*.fli=01;35:*.flv=01;35:*.gl=01;35:*.dl=01;35:*.xcf=01;35:*.xwd=01;35:*.yuv=01;35:*.cgm=01;35:*.emf=01;35:*.ogv=01;35:*.ogx=01;35:*.aac=00;36:*.au=00;36:*.flac=00;36:*.m4a=00;36:*.mid=00;36:*.midi=00;36:*.mka=00;36:*.mp3=00;36:*.mpc=00;36:*.ogg=00;36:*.ra=00;36:*.wav=00;36:*.oga=00;36:*.opus=00;36:*.spx=00;36:*.xspf=00;36: +XDG_CURRENT_DESKTOP=pop:GNOME +VTE_VERSION=6800 +SDKMAN_VERSION=5.16.0 +CONDA_PROMPT_MODIFIER=false +GNOME_TERMINAL_SCREEN=/org/gnome/Terminal/screen/41f216e0_74b7_4540_876a_34b9260733e4 +DOTNET_BUNDLE_EXTRACT_BASE_DIR=/home/manuel/.cache/dotnet_bundle_extract +LESSCLOSE=/usr/bin/lesspipe %s %s +XDG_SESSION_CLASS=user +NVS_ROOT=/home/manuel/.nvs +TERM=xterm-256color +LESSOPEN=| /usr/bin/lesspipe %s +LIBVIRT_DEFAULT_URI=qemu:///system +USER=manuel +GNOME_TERMINAL_SERVICE=:1.225 +NVS_HOME=/home/manuel/.nvs +SDKMAN_DIR=/home/manuel/.sdkman +DISPLAY=:1 +SHLVL=1 +QT_IM_MODULE=ibus +SDKMAN_CANDIDATES_API=https://api.sdkman.io/2 +POSH_THEME=/home/manuel/.omp/manuel.omp.json +XDG_RUNTIME_DIR=/run/user/1000 +GODOT4=godot +PYENV_ROOT=/home/manuel/.pyenv +XDG_DATA_DIRS=/usr/share/pop:/usr/share/gnome:/home/manuel/.local/share/flatpak/exports/share:/var/lib/flatpak/exports/share:/usr/local/share/:/usr/share/:/var/lib/snapd/desktop +PATH=/home/manuel/.pyenv/plugins/pyenv-virtualenv/shims:/home/manuel/.pyenv/shims:/home/manuel/.pyenv/plugins/pyenv-virtualenv/shims:/home/manuel/.sdkman/candidates/gradle/current/bin:/home/manuel/.pyenv/plugins/pyenv-virtualenv/shims:/home/manuel/.pyenv/bin:/home/manuel/.nvs/default/bin:/home/manuel/.local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/games:/usr/local/games:/snap/bin:/snap/bin:/home/manuel/.dotnet/tools +GDMSESSION=pop +DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS=unix:path=/run/user/1000/bus +SDKMAN_PLATFORM=linuxx64 +POWERLINE_COMMAND=oh-my-posh +BASH_FUNC_nvs%%=() { if [ -z "${NVS_HOME}" ]; then + export NVS_HOME="${NVS_ROOT}"; + fi; + export NVS_POSTSCRIPT="${NVS_HOME}/nvs_tmp_$(dd if=/dev/urandom count=1 2> /dev/null | cksum | cut -f1 -d" ").sh"; + local NODE_EXE="node"; + if [ "${NVS_OS}" = "win" ]; then + NODE_EXE="node.exe"; + fi; + local NODE_PATH="${NVS_HOME}/cache/${NODE_EXE}"; + if [ ! -f "${NODE_PATH}" ]; then + local NODE_VERSION="$(grep '"bootstrap" *:' "${NVS_ROOT}/defaults.json" | sed -e 's/.*: *"//' -e 's/"[^\n]*//' -e 's/.*\///')"; + local NODE_REMOTE="$(grep '"bootstrap" *:' "${NVS_ROOT}/defaults.json" | sed -e 's/.*: *"//' -e 's/"[^\n]*//' -e 's/\/.*//')"; + local NODE_BASE_URI="$(grep "\"${NODE_REMOTE}\" *:" "${NVS_ROOT}/defaults.json" | sed -e 's/.*: *"//' -e 's/"[^\n]*//')"; + local NODE_ARCHIVE_EXT=".tar.gz"; + local TAR_FLAGS="-zxvf"; + if [ "${NVS_OS}" = "win" ]; then + NODE_ARCHIVE_EXT=".7z"; + else + if [ "${NVS_USE_XZ}" = "1" ]; then + NODE_ARCHIVE_EXT=".tar.xz"; + TAR_FLAGS="-Jxvf"; + fi; + fi; + local NODE_ARCH="$(uname -m | sed -e 's/x86_64/x64/;s/i86pc/x64/;s/i686/x86/;s/aarch64/arm64/')"; + if [ "${NVS_OS}" = "aix" ]; then + NODE_ARCH="ppc64"; + fi; + local NODE_FULLNAME="node-v${NODE_VERSION}-${NVS_OS}-${NODE_ARCH}"; + local NODE_URI="${NODE_BASE_URI}v${NODE_VERSION}/${NODE_FULLNAME}${NODE_ARCHIVE_EXT}"; + local NODE_ARCHIVE="${NVS_HOME}/cache/${NODE_FULLNAME}${NODE_ARCHIVE_EXT}"; + if [ ! -d "${NVS_HOME}/cache" ]; then + command mkdir -p "${NVS_HOME}/cache"; + fi; + echo "Downloading bootstrap node from ${NODE_URI}"; + if type noglob > /dev/null 2>&1; then + noglob curl -L -# "${NODE_URI}" -o "${NODE_ARCHIVE}"; + else + curl -L -# "${NODE_URI}" -o "${NODE_ARCHIVE}"; + fi; + if [ ! -f "${NODE_ARCHIVE}" ] && [ "${NODE_ARCHIVE_EXT}" = ".tar.xz" ]; then + NODE_ARCHIVE_EXT=".tar.gz"; + TAR_FLAGS="-zxvf"; + NODE_ARCHIVE="${NVS_HOME}/cache/${NODE_FULLNAME}${NODE_ARCHIVE_EXT}"; + echo "Retry download bootstrap node from ${NODE_URI} in gz format"; + if type noglob > /dev/null 2>&1; then + noglob curl -L -# "${NODE_URI}" -o "${NODE_ARCHIVE}"; + else + curl -L -# "${NODE_URI}" -o "${NODE_ARCHIVE}"; + fi; + fi; + if [ ! -f "${NODE_ARCHIVE}" ]; then + echo "Failed to download node binary."; + return 1; + fi; + if [ "${NVS_OS}" = "win" ]; then + "${NVS_ROOT}/tools/7-Zip/7zr.exe" e "-o${NVS_HOME}/cache" -y "${NODE_ARCHIVE}" "${NODE_FULLNAME}/${NODE_EXE}" > /dev/null 2>&1; + else + if [ "${NVS_OS}" = "aix" ]; then + gunzip "${NODE_ARCHIVE}" | tar -xvC "${NVS_HOME}/cache" "${NODE_FULLNAME}/bin/${NODE_EXE}" > /dev/null 2>&1; + else + tar $TAR_FLAGS "${NODE_ARCHIVE}" -C "${NVS_HOME}/cache" "${NODE_FULLNAME}/bin/${NODE_EXE}" > /dev/null 2>&1; + fi; + mv "${NVS_HOME}/cache/${NODE_FULLNAME}/bin/${NODE_EXE}" "${NVS_HOME}/cache/${NODE_EXE}" > /dev/null 2>&1; + rm -r "${NVS_HOME}/cache/${NODE_FULLNAME}" > /dev/null 2>&1; + fi; + if [ ! -f "${NODE_PATH}" ]; then + echo "Failed to setup node binary."; + return 1; + fi; + echo ""; + fi; + local EXIT_CODE=0; + case "$@" in + "cd") + local DIR=$PWD; + while [ "$DIR" != "" -a ! \( -e "$DIR/.node-version" -o -e "$DIR/.nvmrc" \) ]; do + if [ "$DIR" = "/" ]; then + DIR=; + else + DIR=$(dirname "$DIR"); + fi; + done; + if [ "$DIR" != "$NVS_AUTO_DIRECTORY" ]; then + command "${NODE_PATH}" "${NVS_ROOT}/lib/index.js" auto; + EXIT_CODE=$?; + fi; + export NVS_AUTO_DIRECTORY=$DIR + ;; + *) + command "${NODE_PATH}" "${NVS_ROOT}/lib/index.js" "$@"; + EXIT_CODE=$? + ;; + esac; + if [ ${EXIT_CODE} = 2 ]; then + rm "${NODE_PATH}"; + nvs $@; + fi; + if [ -f "${NVS_POSTSCRIPT}" ]; then + . "${NVS_POSTSCRIPT}"; + command rm "${NVS_POSTSCRIPT}"; + unset NVS_POSTSCRIPT; + fi; + return $EXIT_CODE +} +BASH_FUNC_nvsudo%%=() { local NVS_CURRENT=`nvs which`; + if [ -n "${NVS_CURRENT}" ]; then + NVS_CURRENT=`dirname "${NVS_CURRENT}"`; + fi; + sudo "NVS_CURRENT=${NVS_CURRENT}" "${NVS_ROOT}/nvs" $* +} +_=/usr/bin/printenv +``` + +```bash +export Name="Manuel" +``` + +## Monitoring +```bash +tail --follow /var/log/syslog +``` + + - A message is logged stating that a new session has been started + - It is nested in a few `sshd` processes and a `bash` process + - The PID is `1375`, the state is "Sleeping" + +***Hierarchy:*** + +```log +├─sshd───sshd───sshd───bash───screen───screen─┬─bash───tail +``` + + - The SSH session is terminated because the terminal running in it has been closed + +## Job Control +Each syslog message is printed 3 times because 3 observers are running at the same time. + +### What changed? + - Job 2 is now the previous job (flagged with a `+`) + - Job 2 is stopped + - Job 2's command doesn't have an ampersand `&` at the end of it (probably because it is not running (in background)) + +## Process Creation + +```bash +size a.out +``` + +``` + text data bss dec hex filename + 1565 600 8 2173 87d a.out +``` + +```bash +objdump -h a.out +``` + +```bash +objdump -dj .text a.out +``` + +```c +#include +#include + +int main() +{ + fork(); + sleep(30); + printf("My PID is: %d\n", getpid()); + return 0; +} +``` + +The virtual memory is identical, but their reserved memory is different. + +```c +#include +#include +#include +#include + +int main() +{ + int pid = fork(); + if (pid == 0) + { + sleep(1); + return 0; + } + else + { + int status = 0; + sleep(10); + waitpid(pid, &status, 0); + sleep(10); + return 0; + } +} +``` + +Der Prozess verweilt im Zustand `Z` (Zombie) bis `waitpid()` ausgeführt wird. + +```c +#include +#include +#include +#include + +int main() +{ + int pid = fork(); + if (pid == 0) + { + sleep(10); + return 0; + } + else + { + return 0; + } +} +``` + +Der Child-Prozess wird dem Prozess 1 (init) untergeordnet. Er wechselt nicht in den Zustand `Z`. + +```c +#define _GNU_SOURCE +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#define STACK_SIZE (1024 * 1024) /* Stack size for cloned child */ + +static int childFunc(void *arg) +{ + //do something + return 0; +} + +int main(int argc, char *argv[]) +{ + char *stack; + char *stackTop; + pid_t pid; + + if (argc < 2) + { + fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s \n", argv[0]); // 1. Show help text if wrong amount of args + exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); + } + + /* Create shared memory at address `stack` which is readable and writeable */ + stack = mmap(NULL, STACK_SIZE, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANONYMOUS | MAP_STACK, -1, 0); + + stackTop = stack + STACK_SIZE; // Store address to top of stack + + /* Run `childFunc` in a new process with a new UTS that exits with exit code `SIGCHLD` */ + pid = clone(childFunc, stackTop, CLONE_NEWUTS | SIGCHLD, argv[1]); + + if (waitpid(pid, NULL, 0) == -1) + { + exit(EXIT_FAILURE); // Exit with non-zero exit code if child exits abnormally + } + + printf("child has terminated\n"); + exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); // Exit with zero exit code otherwise +} +```